Which of the following is a suitable qualitative research design for exploring how people make meaning of their experiences?

Descriptive correlational design

What is the sampling procedure in research?

A process used to select a portion of the population for study

A technique used to manipulate data

A way to organize data into categories

A method to estimate the population size

What is a sample in research?

A subset of the population that is being studied

The research findings and conclusions

The entire population being studied

The data collected in the study

What is random sampling?

A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study

A sampling method where the population is divided into categories based on their responses

A sampling method that only includes a certain category of the population

A sampling method where the researcher selects members of the population based on their personal characteristics

What is stratified sampling?

A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups and a random sample is selected from each subgroup

A sampling method where the researcher selects members of the population based on their personal characteristics

A sampling method where the population is divided into categories based on their responses

A sampling method that only includes a certain category of the population

What is the purpose of conducting a pilot study before collecting data?

To test the procedures for data collection and analysis

To compare different data collection methods

To generate a large sample size

What is a common software used for data analysis in plans research?

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)

What is a typical first step when conducting research?

Developing a research question or hypothesis

Collecting data without any planning

What is the purpose of a literature review in a research paper?

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research on a topic

To present the results of the study

To outline the research methodology

To highlight the limitations of the study

What is a research design?

A plan that outlines how a researcher will conduct a study

The statistical formulas used to analyze data

The data obtained from a research study

The final report of a research project

What is the purpose of a research proposal?

To present the research question, methodology, and overall plan for a study

To outline the results of a completed research study

To describe the research findings in detail

To provide a summary of the literature review

What is the definition of mixed media art?

Art that utilizes different materials and techniques to create a single piece.

Art that only uses pencil and charcoal.

Art that only uses watercolor paint.

What is the importance of relating the findings with pertinent literature?

It provides context and support for the validity of the findings.

It is unnecessary and adds no value to the study.

It is only important if the study is being published in a peer-reviewed journal.

It can confuse readers and should be avoided.

Why is it recommended to use peer-reviewed literature when relating findings?

Peer-reviewed literature has undergone rigorous evaluation and is generally considered to be of higher quality.

Peer-reviewed literature is less likely to be relevant to the study.

Peer-reviewed literature is easier to access.

Peer-reviewed literature is always free and open-access.

What is the purpose of citing pertinent literature when discussing findings?

To give credit to previous research and to provide a basis for comparison.

To make the study seem more important.

To fill space in the discussion section.

What is the benefit of comparing the findings to previous literature?

It can help identify similarities and differences and build on previous knowledge.

It is a requirement of any research paper.

It is a waste of time and should be avoided.

It is a good way to pad the discussion section.

What is the purpose of formulating recommendations?

To provide guidance based on conclusions

What is the main goal of formulating recommendations based on conclusions?

To offer suggestions for future action

To restate the research question

Why is it important to formulate recommendations based on conclusions?

To provide practical guidance for decision-making

To distract from the main points

What is the role of conclusions in the formulation of recommendations?

Conclusions provide the basis for recommendations

Conclusions should be ignored in the formulation of recommendations

Conclusions are only useful for background information

Conclusions are irrelevant for recommendations

A source of information used to support findings or claims

An explanation of technical terms

A summary of the main ideas in a report

Why is it important to include references in a report?

To support findings or claims with reliable sources

To showcase the author's knowledge

What information should be included in a reference?

Author's name, publication date, title, and source

The author's favorite color and food

The author's phone number and email

The author's address and occupation

In what format should references be listed in a report?

As a separate page at the end of the report in alphabetical order

As footnotes at the bottom of each page

What is the purpose of a written research report?

To share and report the findings.

To prevent others from replicating the study.

To keep the findings confidential.

To make the findings ambiguous.

What is an important element to include in a research report?

A clear presentation of data and analysis

Why is it important to cite sources in a research report?

To give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism

To hide the original authors' work

What is the purpose of a conclusion section in a research report?

To summarize the findings and suggest implications for future research

To introduce new research questions

What is the main goal of finalizing and presenting the best design in sharing and reporting findings?

To communicate research findings effectively

To amplify contradictions in research findings

What is the purpose of presenting a well-designed report of research findings?

To effectively communicate the research findings

To keep the research findings secret

To highlight errors in the research findings

Why is it important to finalize and present the best design in sharing and reporting research findings?

To ensure accurate and clear communication of the findings

What is the primary objective of sharing and reporting research findings effectively?

To enable informed decision-making

To delay the dissemination of the findings

To manipulate the research findings

. chooses appropriate qualitative research design

Pretend that you are a secondary teacher. Make me 10 HOTS-SOLO or PISA-like assessment test items for grade 10 students align to this learning competency -describe qualitative research designs, sample, and data collection and analysis procedures chooses appropriate qualitative research design

Why and How Managers Plan Importance of planning The planing process Benefits of planning Planning and time management Types of PLans used by managers Long term and short term plans Strageic and tactical plans Operational plans Planning Tools and Techiqunes Forecasting Contrigency planning Scenario planning Benchmaking Use of staff planners Implementing Plans to Achive Results Goal setting Goal management Goal alignment Participation and involvement Planning Def: The process of setting objectives and determining how best to accomplish them Planning at Eaton Corporation “Making the hard decision before events force them upon you, an anticipating the future needs of the market before the demand asset itself Objectives and goals Identifity the specific results or desired outcomes that one intends to achieve Plan Def: A statement of action steps to be taken in order to accomplish the objectives (goals) Steps in the planning process: Define your objectives Determine where you stand vis-a-vis objectives Develpo premises reagrdsing future conditions Analyze alternatives and make a plan Implement the plan and evaluate results What are the benefits of planning Improves focus and flexibility Imporves action orteitation Imporves coordination and control Imporves time management Time Managment Personal time management tips Do say “no” to request that distract you form what you should be doing Dont get bogged down inn details that can be addressed later Do screen telephone calls, emails and meeting request Dont let drop in visitors, text messaging use up your time Do prioritize your important and urgent work Dont become calendar bound by letting other control your schedule Do follow priorities; do most important and urgent work first Some 77% of mangers in one survey said that digital age has increased th number of decisions they have to make 43% said there was less time available to make these decisions Types of plans used by Managers What is teh time horizon Long term vs Short term Long term Look three or more years into teh future Short term plans Typically cover one year or less However: the increasing environmental complexity and dynamism of recent years has severely tested the concept of “long-term” planning Plans are subject to frequent revisions Most executives would likely agree that these complexities adn uncertainties challenge how er actually go about planning and how far ahead we can really plan At the very least we can conclude that there is a lot less permanency to long term plans today and that tey are subject to frequent revision Managment reaeracher Eillot Jaques believes tha people vary in their capability to think with different time horizons Types of Plans used by Managers (3 of 5) Strategic plans Set broad, comprehensive and linger term action directions for teh entire organization or major division Vision Clarifies purpose of the organization and what it hopes to be on the future Typical plans Specify how the organizations resources are used to implement strategy Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans Functional plans Incidate how different component within the organiztion will help accompnlish the overall strategy Production plans Finacial plans Facilites Plans Logisitc plans Marketing plans Human Resource Plans Operation plans Describe short-term activities to implement strategic plans Policies: Are standing plans that communicate guidelines for decisions Ex: Policies on office romances: The media is quick to report when a top executive or public figures runs into trouble over an office affair. Are there ant policies on office romances? Employer polices on office raltioshiis vary. One survey find teh following: 24% prohibit relationships among employees in the same department 13% prohibit relationships among employees who have the smae supervisor 80% prohibit relationships between supervisors and subordinates 5% have no restrictions on office romances Procedures: Are rules that describe actions to be taken in specific situations Budgets: are single use plans that commit resources to projects or activities Zero based budgets: allocate resources as if each budget were brand new There is no guarantee that any past funding will be renwer. All propsales, old and new, must compete for available funds at teh start of each new budget cycle Forcasting Attempts to predict the future Qualitaive forecasting uses expert opinions Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statiscal aanylsis of historical data dna surveys Contingency planning Identify alternative course of action to take when things go wrong Anticipate changing conditions Contain trigger points to indicate when to activate plan (or a specific course of action) Scenario planning A long term version of contingency planning Identifying alternative future scenarios Plans made for each future scenario Increases organizations flexibility and preparation for future shocks Benchmarking Use of external and internal comparisons to better evaluate current performance Adopting best practices: things people adn organization do that lead to superior performance Staff Planners Experts who assist in all steps of the planning process They help bring focus and expertise to a wide variety of planning tasks Important: Communication between staff planers landline managers is essential for teh success of teh planning process Goal Setting - Always set SMART goal The solution: Goal Aligment Between Team Leader and Team Member Jonintly plan: Set objectives, set standards, choose actions Individually acy: Perform tasks (member), provide support (leader) Jointly control: Review results, discuss implications, renew cycle x4 Collective effort and commitment Participatroy planning Includes in all planning steps that people who will be affected by the plans adn askedd to help implement them Unloacks motivational potential of goal setting Management by objective (MBO) promotes participation Participation increases understanding and acceptance of plan and commitment to success Participatory planning - Number of people involved in teh decision making process Amazon is intensely focused on what it does. It believes in creating tight single-threaded teams, also known as “2 pizza team.” Data and Decision Making What are some of the important competencies managers must have today? Delegate Marketing and technology Manager must have Technological competency Ability to understand new technologies and to use them to their best advantage Information competency Ability to locate, gather, organize and display information for decision-making and problem solving Analytical competency Ability to evaluate and analyze information to make actual decisions and solve real problems What is the difference between Data and Information Data Raw facts and observation Information Data made useful and meaningful for decision-making Important concepts Big data Exists in huge quantities and is difficult to process without sophisticated mathematical and analytical techniques Data production today Bernard Marr is an internationally best-selling author. He helps organizations improve their business performance, use data more intelligently Data mining The process of analyzing data to produce useful information for decision-makers Management Analytics The systematic evaluation and analysis of data to make informed decision Information drives management Bad Data Refers to information that can be erroneous, misleading, and without general formatting The challenge: Can er use the data that is available in the “Big Data” Needs to be valid Can not trust everything out there Being ethical Look at the trends Data is structured and unstructured Data BIg Data = Structured + Unstructured Information Drive Management decision making What are the characteristics of useful information Easy to access If its credible Accurate Characteristics of useful information: Timely High quality Complete Relevant Understandable What about bad data It's not credible Miss information If it is not structured/ organized Bias based on opinions Confusing If its updated Bad data Refers to information that can be erroneous miss What are some examples of Management information system Business intelligence -BI Information systems to extract and report data in organized ways that are useful to decision-makers Executive dashboards Visually update and display key performance metrics (or Key Performance Indicators -KPIs) and information on a real-time basis Information needs in organization External Environment Information exchanges with the external environment Gather intelligence information Provide public information Information needs within the organizations (internal Enviroement) Information exchange within the organization Facilitate decision making Facilitate problem-solving Managers as information processors Continually gather, share and receive information Now as much electronic as it is face-to-face Always on, always connected How many people telecommute at least once a week 70% of people globally work remotely at least once a week, Work at home after covid 19 our forecast Our best estimate it that 25-30% of the workforce will be working form home multiple days a week by the end of 2021 As of 2023, 12.7% of full time employees work from home, while 28.2% work a hybrid model Managers as problem solvers Problem-solving The process of identifying a discrepancy between actual and desired performance and taking action to resolve it Ishikawa Fishbone diagram To identify the cause of problems Decision A choice among possible alternative courses of action Performance threat Something is wrong or has the potential to go wrong Performance opportunity The situation offers the chance for a better future if the right steps are taken Problem-solving approaches or style - from textbook Problem avoiders Inactive in information gathering and solving problems Problem seekers Proactive in anticipation of problems and opportunities and taking appropriate action to gain an advantage Problem solvers Reactive in gathering information and solving problem Managers - can approach problems in a systematic or intuitive manner Systematic thinking approaches problem in rational, step-by-step and analytical fashion Intuitive thinking approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion Multidimensional thinking- applies both intuitive and systematic thinking Managers face structured and unstructured problems Structure problems Are ones that are familiar, straight forward, and clear with respect to information needs Program decisions apply solutions that are readily available from past experiences to solve structured problems Know how to solve them Familiar Know what we are dealing with Unstructured problems Are ones that are full of ambiguities and information deficiencies Nonprogrammed decisions apply a specific solution to meet the demands of a unique problem Commonly faced by higher-level management Crisis decision making A crisis involves an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately Ruled for crisis management Figure out what is going on Remember that speed matters Remember that slow counts, too Respect the danger of the unfamiliar Value the skeptic Be ready to “fight fire with fire” Managers make decisions with various amounts of information Certain environment Offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences Risk environment Lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives Uncertain environment Lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternative Ex: Certain and uncertain environments: The worldwide Governance Indicators for over 200 countries, comparing distinct environments (Canada-Brazil) Step 1-Identify and define the problem Focuses on information gathering information processing and deliberation Decision objectives should be established What are some common mistakes in definding problems? Common mistakes in defining problems Defining the problem too broadly or too narrowly Focusing on symptoms instead of causes Choosing the wrong problem to deal with Step 2- Generate and Evaluate Alternative Courses of Action Potential solutions are formulated and more information is gathered, data are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions are identified Common mistakes: Abandoning the search for alternatives too quickly Step 3- Decide on a preferred course of Action Two different approaches Behavioural model leads to satisficing decisions Classical model les to optimising decisions Behavioural Model Rationality is bounded because: There are limits our thinks capacity Available information (incomplete) Time constraints Step 4-Implement the decision Involves taking action to make sure the solution decided upon becomes a reality Managers need to have the willingness and ability to implement action plans Problems: Lack of participation error should be avoided Step 5 - Evaluate Results Involves comparing actual and desired results The positive and negative consequences of the chosen course of action should be examined If actual results fall short desire results, the manager returns to earlier steps in the decision-making process At all steps, check ethical reasoning Ask these spotlight questions Utility Does teh decision satisfy all constituents or stakeholders Rights Does the description respect the rights and duties of everyone? Justice Is the decision consistent with the canons of justice Caring Is the decision consistent with my responsibilities to care? Issues in decision-making How do errors happen? Heuristics: are strategies for simplifying decision-making Availability Bias: Bases a decision on recent information or events Representativeness bias: Bases a decision on similarity to other situations Anchoring and Adjustment Bias: Bases a decision on incremental adjustment from a prior decision point Framing error: Tring to solve a problem in the context perceived, positive or negative Confirmation Error: Focusing on information that confirms a decision already made Escalating commitment: Continuing a course of action even though it is not working Creative Decision making Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity Big C: Creativity occurs when extraordinary things are done by exceptional people Little C: Creativity occurs when average people come up with unique ways to deal with daily events and situations The three types of situational creativity drivers Chapter review What are objectives and goals? The specific results or desired outcomes What are the 5 characteristics of great (SMART) goals? Forecasting - Attempts Qualitative forecasting uses options Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statistical analysis of historical data and surveys Scenarios-Oracle’s crystal ball combines qualitative and quantitative methods

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