What does the Square Root Property say?

If $x^{2}$ = k, then x = $\sqrt{k}$ or x = -$\sqrt{k}$ or x = $\pm\sqrt{k}$

If $x^{2}$ = k, then x = $\sqrt{k}$

If $x^{2}$ = k, then x = -$\sqrt{k}$

What is the first step we should take to solve this equation? $3x^\frac{3}{4}$ = $x^\frac{1}{2}$

Move all the variables to one side

10/7/2019 SI Review

Generate all of these 25 questions Part A: Each correct answer is worth 5. 1. The regular pentagon shown has a side length of 2 cm. The perimeter of the pentagon is (A) 2 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 8 cm (E) 10 cm 2 cm 2. The faces of a cube are labelled with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 dots. Three of the faces are shown. What is the total number of dots on the other three faces? (A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 15 3. The equation that best represents \a number increased by _ve equals 15" is (A) n 􀀀 5 = 15 (B) n _ 5 = 15 (C) n + 5 = 15 (D) n + 15 = 5 (E) n _ 5 = 15 4. The line graph shows the number of bobbleheads sold at a store each year. The sale of bobbleheads increased the most between (A) 2016 and 2017 (B) 2017 and 2018 (C) 2018 and 2019 (D) 2019 and 2020 (E) 2020 and 2021 Number of 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year Sale of Bobbleheads 2021 Bobbleheads 20 40 60 80 5. Starting at 72, Aryana counts down by 11s: 72; 61; 50; : : : . What is the last number greater than 0 that Aryana will count? (A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8 6. In the diagram, \ABC = 90_. The value of x is (A) 68 (B) 23 (C) 56 (D) 28 (E) 26 Day of the Week 44° x° A B C x° 7. Which of the following values is closest to zero? (A) 􀀀1 (B) 5 4 (C) 12 (D) 􀀀4 5 (E) 0:9 Grade 8 8. A jar contains 267 quarters. One quarter is worth $0.25. How many quarters must be added to the jar so that the total value of the quarters is $100.00? (A) 33 (B) 53 (C) 103 (D) 133 (E) 153 9. A package of 8 greeting cards comes with 10 envelopes. Kirra has 7 cards but no envelopes. What is the smallest number of packages that Kirra needs to buy to have more envelopes than cards? (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 7 10. For the points in the diagram, which statement is true? (A) e > c (B) b < d (C) f > b (D) a < e (E) a > c y x (e, f ) (a, b) (c, d ) Part B: Each correct answer is worth 6. 11. The 26 letters of the English alphabet are listed in an in_nite, repeating loop: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY ZABC : : : What is the 258th letter in this sequence? (A) V (B) W (C) X (D) Y (E) Z 12. A public holiday is always celebrated on the third Wednesday of a certain month. In that month, the holiday cannot occur on which of the following days? (A) 16th (B) 22nd (C) 18th (D) 19th (E) 21st 13. A circular spinner is divided into three sections. An arrow is attached to the centre of the spinner. The arrow is spun once. The probability that the arrow stops on the largest section is 50%. The probability it stops on the next largest section is 1 in 3. The probability it stops on the smallest section is (A) 1 4 (B) 2 5 (C) 1 6 (D) 2 7 (E) 3 10 14. A positive number is divisible by both 3 and 4. The tens digit is greater than the ones digit. How many positive two-digit numbers have this property? (A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8 15. A rectangular pool measures 20 m by 8 m. There is a 1 m wide walkway around the outside of the pool, as shown by the shaded region. The area of the walkway is (A) 56 m2 (B) 60 m2 (C) 29 m2 (D) 52 m2 (E) 50 m2 20 m 8 m 1 m Grade 8 16. The results of asking 50 students if they participate in music or sports are shown in the Venn diagram. What percentage of the 50 students do not participate in music and do not participate in sports? (A) 0% (B) 80% (C) 20% (D) 70% (E) 40% Music Sports 15 5 20 17. There are 2 3 as many golf balls in Bin F as in Bin G. If there are a total of 150 golf balls, how many fewer golf balls are in Bin F than in Bin G? (A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 50 (D) 60 (E) 90 18. In the sequence shown, Figure 1 is formed using 7 squares. Each _gure after Figure 1 has 5 more squares than the previous _gure. What _gure has 2022 squares? (A) Figure 400 (B) Figure 402 (C) Figure 404 (D) Figure 406 (E) Figure 408 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 19. Mateo's 300 km trip from Edmonton to Calgary passed through Red Deer. Mateo started in Edmonton at 7 a.m. and drove until stopping for a 40 minute break in Red Deer. Mateo arrived in Calgary at 11 a.m. Not including the break, what was his average speed for the trip? (A) 83 km/h (B) 94 km/h (C) 90 km/h (D) 95 km/h (E) 64 km/h 20. Equilateral triangle ABC has sides of length 4. The midpoint of BC is D, and the midpoint of AD is E. The value of EC2 is (A) 7 (B) 6 (C) 6:25 (D) 8 (E) 10 Part C: Each correct answer is worth 8. 21. The positive factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6. There are two perfect squares less than 100 that have exactly _ve positive factors. What is the sum of these two perfect squares? (A) 177 (B) 80 (C) 145 (D) 52 (E) 97 22. In the list p; q; r; s; t; u; v, each letter represents a positive integer. The sum of the values of each group of three consecutive letters in the list is 35. If q + u = 15, then p + q + r + s + t + u + v is (A) 85 (B) 70 (C) 80 (D) 90 (E) 75 Grade 8 23. The net shown is folded to form a cube. An ant walks from face to face on the cube, visiting each face exactly once. For example, ABCFED and ABCEFD are two possible orders of faces the ant visits. If the ant starts at A, how many possible orders are there? (A) 24 (B) 48 (C) 32 (D) 30 (E) 40 A D B C E F 24. The number 385 is an example of a three-digit number for which one of the digits is the sum of the other two digits. How many numbers between 100 and 999 have this property? (A) 144 (B) 126 (C) 108 (D) 234 (E) 64 25. Student A, Student B, and Student C have been hired to help scientists develop a new avour of juice. There are 4200 samples to test. Each sample either contains blueberry or does not. Each student is asked to taste each sample and report whether or not they think it contains blueberry. Student A reports correctly on exactly 90% of the samples containing blueberry and reports correctly on exactly 88% of the samples that do not contain blueberry. The results for all three students are shown below. Student A Student B Student C Percentage correct on samples 90% 98% (2m)% containing blueberry Percentage correct on samples 88% 86% (4m)% not containing blueberry Student B reports 315 more samples as containing blueberry than Student A. For some positive integers m, the total number of samples that the three students report as containing blueberry is equal to a multiple of 5 between 8000 and 9000. The sum of all such values of m is (A) 45 (B) 36 (C) 24 (D) 27 (E) 29

1. Bacalah teks berikut! Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga warna-warni yang bermekaran. Udara di sekitarnya terasa sejuk karena pepohonan rindang. Banyak kupu-kupu beterbangan di antara bunga. Taman sekolah dibangun pada tahun 2019. Kalimat yang sebaiknya dihapus agar deskripsi lebih fokus adalah ... A. Kalimat 1 B. Kalimat 2 C. Kalimat 3 ✅ D. Kalimat 4 2. Perhatikan tujuan teks deskripsi, yaitu membantu pembaca membayangkan suatu objek atau suasana. Di antara pilihan berikut, kalimat manakah yang paling efektif mencapai tujuan tersebut? A. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat sepi, hanya terdengar suara angin berhembus. ✅ B. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat ramai, penuh dengan suara tawar-menawar dan aroma makanan yang menggugah selera. C. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat kotor, sampah berserakan di mana-mana. D. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat gelap, tidak ada satu pun lampu yang menyala. 3. Bacalah paragraf berikut! Pantai itu memiliki pasir putih yang lembut dan air laut yang jernih. Deburan ombak terdengar menenangkan di sepanjang pesisir. .... Pengunjung dapat menikmati keindahan pantai sambil merasakan semilir angin laut. Kalimat yang tepat untuk melengkapi paragraf tersebut adalah .... A. Pantai tersebut dibuka untuk umum pada tahun 2015. B. Banyak pedagang berjualan di sekitar pantai. ✅ C. Deretan pohon kelapa yang berjajar menambah keindahan pemandangan pantai. D. Pantai itu menjadi tujuan wisata masyarakat setempat. 4. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni tumbuh di sepanjang jalan setapak. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk. Di beberapa sudut taman terdapat bangku yang digunakan siswa untuk membaca dan beristirahat. Berdasarkan isi kutipan tersebut, bagian struktur teks deskripsi yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Identifikasi, karena memperkenalkan objek secara umum. B. Simpulan, karena berisi penegasan akhir. ✅ C. Deskripsi bagian, karena menjelaskan ciri-ciri objek secara rinci. D. Koda, karena berisi pesan penulis. 5. Bacalah paragraf-paragraf berikut! A. Pada hari Minggu, Rina dan keluarganya pergi ke pantai. Mereka bermain pasir dan menikmati suasana pantai hingga sore hari. B. Untuk membuat es teh, siapkan gelas, teh, gula, dan air panas. Setelah itu, seduh teh dan tambahkan gula secukupnya. C. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni bermekaran di setiap sudut taman. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk dan nyaman bagi para siswa. D. Sampah merupakan sisa kegiatan manusia yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu menjaga kebersihan dengan membuang sampah pada tempatnya. Paragraf yang termasuk teks deskripsi adalah .... A. Paragraf A B. Paragraf B ✅ C. Paragraf C D. Paragraf D 6. Perhatikan paragraf berikut! Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat masyarakat Minangkabau yang memiliki bentuk atap menyerupai tanduk kerbau. Untuk mencapai bangunan utama, pengunjung harus melewati halaman yang luas dan bersih. Di sepanjang jalan menuju rumah adat tersebut, tampak taman yang tertata rapi serta pepohonan yang rindang. Suasana sejuk dan nyaman membuat pengunjung betah berada di kawasan itu. Isi paragraf deskripsi di atas adalah .... A. Gambaran bentuk atap Rumah Gadang ✅ B. Gambaran perjalanan dan suasana menuju Rumah Gadang C. Gambaran sejarah Rumah Gadang D. Gambaran kegiatan masyarakat Minangkabau Kunci Jawaban: B 7. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Rumah adat itu memiliki panjang 20 meter dan lebar 10 meter." Teks B "Rumah adat itu tampak megah dengan ukiran berwarna emas dan atap yang menjulang tinggi." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah melihat objek secara langsung, teks yang lebih efektif adalah .... A. Teks A, karena berisi data yang akurat. ✅ B. Teks B, karena menggunakan rincian yang membangun imajinasi pembaca. C. Keduanya sama efektif. D. Keduanya tidak sesuai. 8. Perhatikan susunan paragraf berikut! (1) Dinding museum dihiasi berbagai foto bersejarah dan koleksi benda peninggalan masa lampau. (2) Museum Nasional merupakan salah satu museum terbesar di Indonesia. (3) Ruangan museum tampak bersih, luas, dan tertata rapi. Agar menjadi teks deskripsi yang runtut, urutan yang tepat adalah .... A. (1)-(2)-(3) ✅ B. (2)-(1)-(3) C. (3)-(1)-(2) D. (1)-(3)-(2) 9. "Pembaca diharapkan dapat memahami letak berbagai fasilitas di lingkungan sekolah tanpa harus melihat denah." Jenis deskripsi yang paling tepat digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah .... A. Subjektif, karena dapat menunjukkan kesan penulis terhadap sekolah. B. Objektif, karena menyajikan data tentang sekolah. ✅ C. Spasial, karena menekankan posisi dan hubungan antarlokasi dalam ruang. D. Imajinatif, karena membuat pembaca berimajinasi. 10. Seorang siswa menulis deskripsi berikut. "Perpustakaan sekolah itu bagus. Banyak buku ada di sana." Guru menilai teks tersebut belum mampu menghadirkan gambaran yang kuat kepada pembaca. Perbaikan yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Menambahkan jumlah buku yang tersedia. B. Menambahkan tahun berdirinya perpustakaan. ✅ C. Menggunakan kata sifat dan rincian pancaindra yang memperjelas kondisi perpustakaan. D. Menambahkan nama petugas perpustakaan. Bacalah teks berikut untuk soal nomor 11 - 15! “Perpustakaan sekolah memiliki ruangan yang luas dan bersih. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi di setiap sudut ruangan. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. Suasana yang tenang membuat siswa nyaman membaca." 11. Seorang siswa berpendapat bahwa teks tersebut akan tetap mencapai tujuan deskripsi meskipun kalimat tentang pencahayaan dihilangkan. Pendapat tersebut .... A. Benar, karena pencahayaan tidak berhubungan dengan kenyamanan membaca. B. Benar, karena informasi tentang rak buku sudah cukup menggambarkan perpustakaan. C. Kurang tepat, karena pencahayaan membantu menunjukkan kondisi fisik perpustakaan meskipun bukan unsur utama. ✅ D. Salah, karena tanpa kalimat tersebut teks tidak lagi termasuk teks deskripsi. 12. Penggunaan kata luas, bersih, rapi, terang, dan tenang dalam teks tersebut berfungsi untuk .... A. Menjelaskan urutan kegiatan yang dilakukan di perpustakaan. B. Menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat dalam teks. ✅ C. Membantu pembaca membayangkan kondisi perpustakaan secara lebih jelas. D. Menyampaikan pendapat penulis tentang pentingnya membaca. 13. Jika kalimat "rak-rak buku tersusun rapi" dihilangkan, dampaknya adalah A. Teks menjadi lebih jelas B. Gambaran perpustakaan menjadi kurang lengkap C. Teks berubah menjadi narasi D. Tidak ada perubahan Jawaban: B 14. Berdasarkan isi teks, faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan perpustakaan adalah .... A. Ukuran ruangan yang luas. B. Banyaknya rak buku. C. Jendela yang besar. ✅ D. Kombinasi suasana tenang, pencahayaan yang baik, dan penataan ruang yang rapi 15. Kalimat tambahan yang paling sesuai untuk memperkuat deskripsi perpustakaan adalah A. Banyak siswa meminjam buku B. Perpustakaan memiliki seorang petugas C. Perpustakaan dibuka setiap hari Senin D. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar✅ Jawaban: D 16. Perhatikan kedua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Menurutku, Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat yang paling indah karena bentuk atapnya yang unik dan megah." Teks B "Rumah Gadang memiliki atap berbentuk menyerupai tanduk kerbau dan dinding yang dihiasi ukiran khas Minangkabau." Perbedaan utama kedua kutipan tersebut adalah .... A. Teks A menggunakan fakta, sedangkan Teks B menggunakan pendapat. B. Teks A termasuk deskripsi objektif, sedangkan Teks B deskripsi subjektif. ✅ C. Teks A termasuk deskripsi subjektif karena mengandung pendapat penulis, sedangkan Teks B lebih objektif karena menggambarkan objek berdasarkan ciri yang tampak. D. Kedua teks termasuk deskripsi subjektif. 17. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni." Teks B "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni. Aroma bunga yang harum tercium saat angin bertiup dan udara terasa sejuk di bawah pepohonan rindang." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah hadir di lokasi yang dideskripsikan, alasan paling kuat memilih Teks B adalah .... A. Menggunakan kalimat yang lebih panjang daripada Teks A. B. Menyajikan informasi yang lebih banyak daripada Teks A. C. Memanfaatkan lebih dari satu pancaindra sehingga gambaran objek menjadi lebih hidup. ✅ D. Menggunakan kata sifat yang lebih beragam daripada Teks A. Jebakan: D hampir benar, tetapi yang menjadi inti adalah penggunaan pancaindra. 18. (C4-C5 Analisis) Perhatikan kalimat berikut! "Perpustakaan sekolah nyaman." Manakah informasi yang paling tidak mendukung penguatan deskripsi tersebut? A. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. B. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi dan mudah dijangkau siswa. C. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar. D. Perpustakaan diresmikan oleh kepala sekolah pada tahun 2021. ✅ Jebakan: Semua opsi berupa informasi tentang perpustakaan, tetapi hanya D yang tidak membantu pembaca membayangkan suasana. 19. (C5 Evaluasi) Perhatikan dua kalimat berikut! (1) Kelas itu bersih. (2) Kelas itu tampak bersih dengan lantai mengilap dan meja yang tertata rapi. Jika kalimat (2) diganti menjadi kalimat (1), perubahan yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Informasi utama tetap ada, tetapi kekuatan deskripsi dalam membangun imajinasi pembaca berkurang. ✅ B. Teks menjadi tidak sesuai dengan struktur deskripsi. C. Teks berubah menjadi teks laporan hasil observasi. D. Makna teks menjadi bertentangan dengan tujuan penulis. Jebakan: A dan D terlihat mirip, tetapi D terlalu berlebihan. 20. "Taman sekolah itu dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni yang bermekaran dan pepohonan rindang yang membuat udara terasa sejuk." Jika kata berwarna-warni, bermekaran, dan rindang dihilangkan, dampak yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Struktur teks menjadi tidak lengkap. B. Informasi dalam teks menjadi tidak benar. C. Tujuan teks berubah menjadi teks narasi. ✅ D. Gambaran objek menjadi kurang jelas sehingga pembaca lebih sulit membayangkan suasana taman.

To the Lakota, and other indigenous people on North America's Great Plains, the bison was an essential part of their culture ( expressed in the quote on the previous page). The bison provided meat for nutrition, a hide for clothing and shelter, bones for tools, and fat for soap. The bison was also central to their religious beliefs. So, when European settlers hunted the bison nearly to extinction, Lakota culture suffered. Culture is central to a society and the identity of its people, as well as its continued existence. Therefore, geographers study culture as a way to understand similarities and differences among societies across the world, and in some cases, to help preserve these societies. Analyzing Culture All of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a part of culture. It is a visible force seen in a group's actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape. For example, in a large city you can see people working in offices, factories, and stores, and living in high-rise apartments or suburban homes. You might observe them attending movies, concerts, or sporting events. Culture is also an invisible force guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions. Culture is learned, in that it develops through experiences, and not merely transmitted through genetics. For example, many people in the United States have developed a strong sense of competitiveness in school and business, and believe that hard work is a key to success. These types of elements, visible and invisible, are cultural traits. A series of interrelated traits make up a cultural complex, such as the process of steps and acceptable behaviors related to greeting a person in different cultures. A single cultural artifact, such as an automobile, may represent many different values, beliefs, behaviors and traditions and be representative of a cultural complex. Since culture is learned there are many ways that one generation passes its culture to the next. Children and adults learn traits three ways: • imitation, as when learning a language by repeating sounds or behaviors from a person or television • informal instruction, as when a parent reminds a child to say "please" • formal instruction, as when students learn history in school 132 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP" EDITION CULTURAL COMPLEX OF THE AUTOMOBILE The automobile provides much more than just transportation, as it reflects many values that are central to American culture. Origins of Culture The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops is a culture hearth. Classical Greece was a culture hearth for democracy more than 2,000 years ago. New York City was a culture hearth for rap music in the 1970s. Geographers study how cultures develop in hearths and diffuse-or spread-to other places. Geographers also study taboos, behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. For example, many cultures have taboos against eating certain foods, such as pork or insects. What is considered taboo changes over time. In the United States, marriages between Protestants and Catholics were once taboo, but they are not widely opposed now. Traditional, Folk, and Indigenous Cultures With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, modern transportation and communication connected people as never before and led to extensive cultural mixing, especially as cities have grown. The world prior to this time was very different; however, remnants of the past are still evident in our modern cultures. Traditional, folk, and indigenous cultures share some important characteristics and are often grouped together, but they do have some subtle differences. Traditional Culture Recently, the meanings of traditional, folk, and indigenous culture have begun to merge, causing geographers to debate when each should be used. Increasingly, the term traditional culture is used to encompass all three cultural designations. All three types share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture. Folk Culture The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change, are known as folk cultures. Like all cultures, they demonstrate the diverse ways that people have adapted to a physical environment. For example, people around the world learned to make shelters out of available resources, whether 3.1: INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE 133 it was snow or mud bricks or wood. However, people used similar resources such as wood differently. In Scandinavia, people used trees to build cabins. In the American Midwest, people processed trees into boards, built a frame, and attached the boards to it. Many traits of folk culture continue today. Corn was first grown in Mexico around 10,000 years ago, and it is still grown there today. While many elements of folk culture exist side by side with modern culture, there are people whose societies have changed little, if at all, from long ago. These people practice traditional cultures, those which have not been affected by modern technology or influences. They often live in remote regions, such as some small tribes in the Amazon rainforest, and have scant knowledge of the outside world. As the lines continue blurring between cultural designations, the Amish of Pennsylvania are often referenced as both folk and traditional culture. Indigenous Culture When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language, they are considered an indigenous culture. Some indigenous peoples have been displaced from their native lands, but still practice their indigenous culture. Native Americans in the United States, such as the Navajo, have kept indigenous cultural practices. First Nations of Canada, such as the Inuit, have also retained their indigenous culture. Globalization and Popular Culture As a result of the Industrial Revolution, improvements in transportation and communication have shortened the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places. This development, known as space-time compression (see Topics 1.4 and 3.6), has accelerated culture change around the world. In 1817, a freight shipment from Cincinnati needed 52 days to reach New York City. By 1850, because of canals and railroads, it took half that long. And by 1852, it took only 7 days. Today, an airplane flight takes only a few hours, and digital information takes seconds or less. Similar change has occurred on the global scale. People travel freely across the world in a matter of hours, and communication has advanced to a point where people share information instantaneously across the globe. The increased global interaction has had a profound impact on cultures, from spreading English across the world to instant sharing of news, events and music. Globalization specifically refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s. The process of intensified interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe has had profound impacts on culture. The culture of the United States is intertwined with globalization. Through the influence of its corporations, Hollywood movies, and government, the United States exerts widespread influence in other countries. But other countries also shape American culture. For example, in 2019, the National Basketball Association included players from 38 countries or territories. When cultural traits- such as clothing, music, movies, and types of 134 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP. EDITION businesses-spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups, they become part of popular culture. Elements of popular culture often begin in urban areas and diffuse quickly through globalization processes such as the media and Internet. These elements can quickly be adopted worldwide, making them part of global culture. People around the world follow European soccer, Indian Bollywood movies, and Japanese animation known as anime. With people in many nations wearing similar clothes, listening to similar music, and eating similar food, popular cultural traits often promote uniformity in beliefs, values, and the cultural landscape across many places The cultural landscape, also known as the built environment (see Topic 3.2), is the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values. Traditional Culture to Popular Culture Popular culture emphasizes trying what is new rather than preserving what is traditional. Many people, especially older generations or those who follow a folk culture, openly resist the adoption of popular cultural traits. They do this by preserving traditional languages, religions, values, and foods. While older generations often resist the adoption of popular culture, they seldom are successful in keeping their traditional cultures from changing, especially among the young people of their society. One clash between popular and traditional culture is occurring in Brazil. As the population expands to the interior of the rain forest, many indigenous cultures, like the Yanamamo tribe, have more contact with outside groups. Remaining isolated by the forest is becoming increasingly difficult as many young people from the indigenous cultures become exposed to popular culture and begin to integrate into the larger Brazilian society. As the young people leave their communities, they are more likely to accept popular culture at the expense of their indigenous cultural heritage, which threatens the very existence of their folk culture. Traditional culture typically exhibits horizontal diversity, meaning each traditional culture has its own customs and language that makes it distinct from other culture groups. Yet, people people within each group are usually homogeneous, or very similar to each other. By contrast, popular culture typically exhibits vertical diversity, meaning that modern urban societies are usually heterogeneous, or exhibiting differences, within the society and usually contain numerous multiethnic neighborhoods. However, on a global scale popular cultures are relatively similar with the same type of malls, shops, fast food, and clothing. Urban global culture centers are not identical, yet, global cities often do not have as much horizontal diversity across space as folk cultures. 3.1: INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE 135 COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND POPULAR CULTURE Trait Traditional Culture Popular or Global Culture Society • Rural and isolated location • Urban and connected location • Homogeneous and • Diverse and multiethnic indigenous population population • Most people speak an • Many people speak a global indigenous or ethnic local language such as English or language Arabic • Horizontal diversity • Vertical diversity Social • Emphasis on community and • Emphasis on individualism and Structure conformity making choices • Families live close to each • Dispersed families other • Weakly defined gender roles • Well-defined gender roles Diffusion • Relatively slow and limited • Relatively rapid and extensive • Primarily through relocation • Often hierarchical • Oral traditions and stories • Social media and mass media Buildings and • Materials produced locally, • Materials produced in distant Housing such as stone or grass factories, such as steel or glass • Built by community or owner • Built by a business • Similar style for community • Variety of architectural styles • Different between cultures • Similar between cities • Traditional architecture • Postmodern / contemporary architecture Food • Locally produced • Often imported • Choices limited by tradition • Wide range of choice • Prepared by the family or • Purchased in restaurants community Spatial Focus • Local and regional • National and global Artifacts, Mentifacts, and Sociofacts Whether a cultural attribute is considered traditional, folk, indigenous, or popular in nature, it is valuable to differentiate between elements of culture that can be seen and those that can not. There are artifacts that comprise the material culture, which consists of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses. Art, clothing, food, music, sports, and housing types are all tangible elements of culture. Another element of the study of artifacts is understanding the techniques to use or build a specific artifact. Artifacts can be unique to a particular culture, or can be shared. For example, people of all cultures need to communicate through language, yet there are many groups that possess languages unique to their culture. The ability to read, write and understand the English language is an artifact of importance for much of popular global culture. 136 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: AP" EDITION Mentifacts comprise a group's nonmaterial culture and consist ofintangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. Beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics (pleasing in appearance) determine what a cultural group views as acceptable and desirable. Mentifacts can also be unique or shared. People of many cultures possess an belief in one or many deities, and often the deities are unique to that culture. The belief in a god is a mentifact-the religious building or symbols are artifacts. Cultural groups also possess sociofacts, which are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another. Taken altogether, people tend to see the whole of their culture as greater than the sum of its individual parts. Sociofacts are embodied through families, governments, sports teams, religious organizations, education systems, and other social constructs. As with artifacts and mentifacts, sociofacts may also be unique or similar to other societies. Families are the foundations of most societies, yet what constitutes the structure of a family may vary widely between cultural groups. For example, Western cultures tend to view the nuclear family, consisting of the parents and their children as the basic family unit. By contrast, in many Western African cultures the norm is the extended family, consisting of several generations and other family members such as cousins living under one roof.

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