Elections are free and open to all citizens of voting age each individuals vote counts the same.

high levels of education/literacy, economic security gives citizens a stake in their country's future, freedom of speech, press, religion

the democratic principle that a government follows the preferences of the majority of voters but protects the interests of the minority

a government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern

divide into parts

parts of India that split after independence into separate nations, mostly Muslim

used to be known as East Pakistan but broke away to form an independent nation

A region of northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). Modern changes

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

Caused ethnic clashes, created uneven economies based on farming and mining

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Trade restrictions, banned from Olympics, wrote letters

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

______ Germany was the German Democratic Republic and communist, _____ Germany was the Federal Republic of Germany and a US ally

Hungarian gov allowed East Germans to cross into Austria, East Germany closes borders sparking protests

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

November 9, 1989

East German leader against whose regime began the demonstrations that ended in the fall of the Berlin Wall

Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Improve- agriculture, science/technology, defense and industry

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

A famous symbol of Chinese defiance to their regime; he stood in front of a column of tanks to stop them in the aftermath of the events of Tiananmen Square and the Beijing Massacre.

Communist Party Leader in 1979, wanted to modernize China through "Four Modernizations", invited American Table Tennis team to play in China

western Ideas being introduced through American clothing, movies, music etc.