1. In the 19th and 20th centuries, European powers exerted control over many regions through colonialism. This period of history has been subject to __________ interpretations, with some viewing it as a time of progress and development while others emphasize the violence and exploitation involved. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

2. The impact of the Second World War on the world is __________, from the formation of the United Nations to the creation of Israel. The war also marked the beginning of the end of European colonialism in many parts of the world. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

3. The company's advertising campaign sought to evoke a sense of nostalgia, taking consumers on a(n) ________ journey through the brand's storied history and emphasizing its enduring appeal. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

4. Archaeologists have long debated the purpose of the enigmatic Stonehenge monument in England. While most argue that it served as an astronomical observatory, others believe it was a ceremonial site for religious or social gatherings. The discovery of human remains at the site by Dr. Fiona Reynolds and her team has added a new dimension to the ongoing debate. According to Reynolds, the presence of these remains suggests that Stonehenge may have been a burial site or a place of ancestral veneration. Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text?

5. [Text 1] Frogs are a diverse group of amphibians that play a crucial role in many ecosystems. They are found on every continent except Antarctica and have adapted to a wide range of habitats, from rainforests to deserts. Many scientists say that frogs are essential indicators of environmental health and are used by scientists to monitor ecosystem changes. [Text 2] Despite their ecological significance, many frog populations are declining due to habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and disease. Some frog experts argue that conservation efforts have been too focused on protecting individual species and have neglected the broader ecosystem factors that affect frog populations. They point to the importance of habitat preservation, water quality management, and the control of invasive species to ensure the survival of frogs and other amphibians. Based on the texts, how would the frog experts in Text 2 most likely respond to the conventional view of frogs presented in Text 1?

6. The debate over gun control and the Second Amendment continues to be a contentious issue in the United States. Proponents of stricter gun control laws argue that reducing access to firearms would lead to fewer deaths and injuries from gun violence, while opponents argue that such laws would infringe on their constitutional right to bear arms. The complexity of the issue suggests that there may be no easy solution, but one thing is clear: ________. Which choice most logically completes the text?

7. In the mid-20th century, computers were large, expensive machines used primarily by government agencies and large corporations. By the 1970s, however, advances in technology ________ the size and cost of computers, leading to the development of personal computers that were more accessible to the general public. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

8. The conference covered a variety of topics, including the impact of climate change on agriculture, presented by Dr. Susan Thompson; sustainable farming practices, led by Professor David Smith _________ the role of technology in agriculture, discussed by engineer Jane Martinez. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

9. In the 19th century, Victorian-era mourning practices dictated strict social customs and expectations for grieving individuals, often including wearing mourning jewelry crafted from jet, a type of fossilized wood known for its deep black color and ability to ______ a polished finish. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

10. The invention of the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. _______ the widespread use of the internet has also led to concerns about privacy, security, and the spread of misinformation. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

11. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Nazca Lines are large geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. • Created between 500 BCE and 500 CE, the Nazca Lines are believed to have had religious or astronomical purposes. • The lines consist of various shapes, such as animals, plants, and geometric patterns. • Dr. Elena Martinez, an archaeologist, used drones to capture high-resolution images of the Nazca Lines. • The drone images revealed previously undiscovered geoglyphs in the area. The student wants to present Dr. Martinez's research to an audience unfamiliar with the Nazca Lines. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

12. As the orchestra began to play, the conductor masterfully guided the musicians through the intricate composition, weaving a(n) ________ tapestry of sound that captivated the audience. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

13. The _________ of the civil rights movement in the United States is a complex and multifaceted history, including figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Angela Davis, as well as events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington. Its impact can still be seen today in ongoing struggles for racial justice. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

14. The representation of women in literature has been _________ throughout history. From Shakespeare's Juliet to Jane Austen's Elizabeth Bennet, female characters have been both praised and criticized for their actions and personalities. Despite the progress made through the feminist movement, there are still discrepancies in how women are depicted in literature today. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

15. In 1209, the Albigensian Crusade was launched by Pope Innocent III to eradicate the Cathar heresy in southern France. The Cathars, also known as Albigensians, were a religious sect that diverged from Catholic teachings, leading to tensions with the Church. The crusade lasted for nearly 20 years and was marked by extreme violence, including the massacre of Cathars, as well as the persecution and execution of those who refused to convert to Catholicism. The Albigensian Crusade ultimately led to the weakening of the Cathar movement and the consolidation of Catholic power in the region. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

17. A group of researchers conducted a study to investigate the potential health benefits of a plant-based diet. Participants were divided into two groups, with one group following a plant-based diet and the other following a standard Western diet. After six months, the researchers found that the plant-based group showed significant improvements in various health markers, such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, some participants reported feeling unsatisfied with their meals and struggling to find adequate protein sources on the plant-based diet. Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the researchers' hypothesis that a plant-based diet is superior for health outcomes?

18. Behavioral economics is a field that seeks to understand how human psychology and decision-making affect economic behavior. One key concept in this field is loss aversion, which suggests that people are more motivated by the prospect of losing something than they are by the prospect of gaining something. This concept has been demonstrated in numerous studies, including one in which participants were given the option of either receiving a $50 cash payment or taking a 50-50 chance of receiving a $100 payment. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the concept of loss aversion in this context?

19. Some psychologists who support the traditional view argue that the use of technology does not have a significant negative impact on people's attention span. Researchers Smith and Nguyen conducted a study to test this claim by examining the attention span of individuals who frequently use technology, such as smartphones and computers, and comparing it to that of individuals who use technology less frequently. Which finding from Smith and Nguyen's study, if true, would most directly weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of technology use and attention span?

20. The volunteer organization, Helping Hands, works tirelessly to provide essential services to underserved communities. From distributing food to offering educational support, the members of the organization strive to make a positive impact in the lives of those they serve. By working together as a team and pooling _____ resources, the group has been able to create lasting change in the community. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

21. The tour itinerary included visits to the Eiffel Tower, a symbol of Paris, France; the Colosseum, an ancient Roman amphitheater in Rome, Italy _____ the Parthenon, a temple on the Athenian Acropolis in Athens, Greece. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

22. In the early days of the internet, web pages were primarily text-based, with few images and minimal design elements. As technology evolved and internet speeds improved, ______ more visually appealing and user-friendly. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

23. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in many plants. • Dr. Emily Johnson and Dr. Henry Thompson from Plant Science University conducted a study to explore the factors affecting starch production in plants. • Johnson and Thompson measured starch content in various plants grown under different environmental conditions and compared it with historical weather data to establish a correlation between climate factors and starch production. • Higher starch production was observed in plants exposed to cooler temperatures. • Temperature fluctuations might have a significant impact on starch production in plants. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Police brutality is the excessive use of force by law enforcement officers. • It disproportionately affects minority communities in the United States. • Campaign Zero is an organization founded in 2015 to address police brutality. • Deray Mckesson is an activist and co-founder of Campaign Zero. • Patrisse Cullors is an activist and co-founder of the Black Lives Matter movement, which also addresses police brutality. • The Black Lives Matter movement began in 2013 after the acquittal of Trayvon Martin's murderer. The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Mckesson's and Cullors's work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. • Dr. Emily Johnson and Dr. Peter Smith, evolutionary biologists, studied convergent evolution in different species of cacti and succulents. • They wanted to determine if similarities in morphology and water conservation mechanisms were a result of convergent evolution. • Dr. Johnson and Dr. Smith collected genetic data and morphological measurements from various species of cacti and succulents. • Their analysis revealed that similarities in traits were indeed a result of convergent evolution due to the need to adapt to arid environments. The student wants to summarize the results of the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

27. Jerry has a large car which holds 22 gallons of fuel and gets 20 miles per gallon. Kate has a smaller car which holds 16.5 gallons of fuel and gets 30 miles per gallon. If both cars have a full tank of fuel now and drive the same distance, in how many miles will the remaining fuel in each tank be the same?