to maintain landscape features and wildlife habitats

hedgerow, stone wall and ditch management

to maintain production and protect rivers

management to reduce soil erosion

for effective land management to protect and enhance the environment and wildlife

payments to farmers and land managers in England

Landowners may join voluntary governmental schemes which provide financial support for land management

Voluntary Agri-environmental schemes

3.2.3.4 Habitat conservation - agri-environmental schemes

Title (Slide 0): "Digging Deeper: The Truth About Tillage" Subtitle: How turning the soil affects plants, microbes, and the planet Slide 1: What Is Tillage? Tilling the soil means digging, turning, and loosening it using tools or machines. It's a common farming practice to prepare the land before planting. Slide 2: Why Do Farmers Till? Tillage is usually done before planting to: • Soften and aerate the soil • Mix in nutrients • Remove weeds • Bury crop residues for decomposition and fertility Slide 3: Tools Used for Tillage Farmers use tools like: • Ploughs: Cut deep into the soil • Harrows: Break up clumps and smooth the surface Slide 4: Ploughs vs. Harrows • Ploughs: Used first, go deep, lift and flip soil • Harrows: Used after ploughs, work on the surface to break clumps and level the soil Slide 5: Types of Tillage Systems From most to least soil disturbance: • Conventional Tillage: Deep ploughing • Minimum Tillage: Light disturbance • Conservation Tillage: Only disturb seed zone, keep residues on top • Zero Tillage (No-Till): Plant directly into undisturbed soil Slide 6: Problem 1 – Soil Erosion Tillage removes protective cover, exposing soil to wind and rain. Result: topsoil—the most fertile layer—is easily washed or blown away. Slide 7: Problem 2 – Disruption of Soil Life Soil is a living ecosystem! • Worms, fungi, and bacteria help aerate soil and release nutrients • Tillage destroys their habitat, reducing fertility and soil health Slide 8: Problem 3 – Loss of Soil Structure Healthy soil has pores for air, water, and roots. Tillage breaks the sponge-like structure, and soil compacts over time—like flattening it into a pancake. Hard soil = poor plant growth. Slide 9: Problem 4 – Decreased Organic Matter Microbes "eat" organic matter through aerobic respiration (using O₂ and releasing CO₂). Tillage adds oxygen, microbes speed up, and burn through the soil’s “pantry” of organic matter—leaving it empty and poor. Slide 10: Problem 5 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Faster decomposition = more CO₂ released. Tillage boosts microbial activity, which increases carbon dioxide emissions—contributing to climate change. ✅ Conclusion (Slide 11): 🌱 Tillage: A Double-Edged Tool Tillage can help prepare the soil and control weeds—but it comes at a cost. Over time, repeated tilling can strip away organic matter, destroy soil life, and release greenhouse gases. It's like spending all your savings for quick results—and being left with nothing for the future. The smarter path? Use reduced or no-till methods that protect soil health, keep carbon in the ground, and support long-term farming success.

1 .Sand soil • Has course/ large particles • they are larger than those of clay • Loses water quickly • Has less organic matter • Has good aeration • Allows good root penetration • Leaching of nutrients is more in sand soil. • Does not stick when wet 2. Clay soil • Has very fine particles which are closely packed • The soil is sticky when wet and can be moulded into any shape • It holds more water than sand and loam • It has poor drainage • It cracks when dry • It has poor aeration • It does not allow good root penetration 2 .Loam soil • Is a mixture of sand and clay particles • It half clay half sand • It can be easily moulded into a shape but easily crumbles • Holds water for a longer time than sand • It sticks on the hands when wet • It has good drainage • It has good aeration • It allows good root penetration • Loam is the best soil Soil Fertility • When soil has enough plant nutrients it is fertile • Soil fertility is the presence of nutrients in the soil • A farmer can add nutrients to the soil to make it fertile • This is done by applying fertilizers and compost. • A fertiliser is a substance that is added to the soil to increase fertility • Nutrients found in the soil include Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium ( NPK ) • They are called major nutrients or macro nutrients because they are needed in large quantities Minor nutrients • Minor nutrients are needed in smaller quantities • Minor nutrients are also called micro nutrients or trace elements • Examples of minor nutrients are boron, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium and molybdenum Soil erosion • Is the washing away of top soil by agents such as Water Wind Animals Humans 1. Water: • Water washes away soil when it rains. • Loose soil is washed away into dams and rivers. • Steep slopes also lead to soil erosion. • Ploughing 2 . Wind • The blowing away of soil by wind causes soil erosion. • When people cut down trees wind erosion easily takes place. • Type of soil also leads to wind erosion. Which soil type is easily eroded by wind? 3 . Animals • Animal cause soil erosion by overgrazing. • Overgrazing is when animals eat plant or vegetation leaving the ground surface bare. • Animals walking on the same pathway for a long time make the soil loose. • Animals that live underground also burrow loosening the soil. • This makes soil break easily and get washed away. WATER WATER CONSERVATION Water • Water is important in agriculture • It is used to: Clean farm tools Mould bricks Wash milking equipment Cool machines Provide homes(habitat) for fish Give animals drinking and bathing water Sources of Water Natural sources 1. Natural rains: • rain water from the clouds is a primary source of water. • It is used to water crops such as maize, millet, sorghum and so on during the rainy season. • Rain water that collects into the rivers and dams is used by animals and people for drinking. 2 . Rivers : • Rivers are some of the major sources of water for different activities such as fishing, boat cruising and irrigation. 3 . Streams : • A stream is a small river. • Streams supply water for irrigating garden crops especially in rural areas. • They are also a source of water for animals to drink and bath. Sources of Water 4 . Springs : • Springs are usually found on hilly areas. • They result from pressure of underground streams. • The pressure forces water underground to form a channel to the surface of the soil and flow above the ground. Sources of Water Man made sources Man discovered that water for agriculture was not enough during the rain and cool dry seasons. They decided to make structures which would harvest or collect and store water for future use. 1.Protected well: • Wells are dug in the ground by hand. • They are often lined with bricks and concrete so that they do not cave in. • Protected wells are covered, therefore are safe to drink from. 2 . borehole : • They are deep holes made by drilling machines. • Drilling can be done up to 70 metres deep. • Water is pumped using an electric pump or hand pump. Sources of Water 3 . Dams : • A dam is a large wall or barrier built to hold water to save it for future use. 4 . Weir : • A weir is made by construction a cement brick wall or concrete wall across a river to trap water and eroded soil. • water flows over the wall when the river is inflood. 5 .Water tank : • Is a temporary manmade water source. • Water from a water tank is usually harvested from roof tops or it works along a borehole or protected well as temporary storage. • Water is pumped from the borehole or protected well into the water tank. 6 . reservoir : • A large natural or manmade lake used as a source of water. PLANTS Uses of plants • Fibre for making clothes • Oil for cooking, making paint and chemicals • Sugar for tea • Wood for timber • Refreshing drinks and alcohol • Food for people and animals • Protect the soil from erosion • Plants supply us with fresh oxygen for breathing. • Some plant parts are used as medicine.

Figure 18-11 represents the amount of energy stored as organic material in each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid shape of the diagram indicates the low percentage of energy transfer from one level to the next. On average, 10 percent of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incor- porated into the organisms in the next. Why is the percentage of energy transfer so low? One reason is that some of the organisms in a trophic level escape being eaten. They eventually die and become food for decomposers, but the energy contained in their bodies does not pass to a higher trophic level. Even when an organism is eaten, some of the molecules in its body will be in a form that the consumer cannot break down and use. For example, a cougar cannot extract energy from the antlers, hooves, and hair of a deer. Also, the energy used by prey for cellu- lar respiration cannot be used by predators to synthesize new bio- mass. Finally, no transformation or transfer of energy is 100 percent efficient. Every time energy is transformed, such as during the reactions of metabolism, some energy is lost as heat. Limitations of Trophic Levels The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels explains why ecosystems rarely contain more than a few trophic levels. Because only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level, there is not enough energy in the top trophic level to support more levels. Organisms at the lowest trophic level are usually much more abundant than organisms at the highest level. In Africa, for exam- ple, you will see about 1,000 zebras, gazelles, and other herbivores for every lion or leopard you see, and there are far more grasses and shrubs than there are herbivores. Higher trophic levels con- tain less energy, so, they can support fewer individuals.A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in a particular place at the same time. All of the bass living in a pond during a certain period of time make up a pop- ulation because they are isolated in the pond and do not interact with bass living in other ponds. The boundaries of a population may be imposed by a feature of the environment, such as a lake shore, or they can be arbitrarily chosen to simplify a study of the population. The humans shown in Figure 19-1 are part of the pop- ulation of a city. The properties of populations differ from those of individuals. An individual may be born, it may reproduce, or it may die. A population study focuses on a population as a whole—how many individuals are born, how many die, and so on. Population Size A population’s size is the number of individuals that the population contains. Size is a fundamental and important population property but can be difficult to measure directly. If a population is small and composed of immobile organisms, such as plants, its size can be determined simply by counting individuals. Often, though, individ- uals are too abundant, too widespread, or too mobile to be counted easily, and scientists must estimate the number of individuals in the population. Suppose that a scientist wants to know how many oak trees live in a 10 km2 patch of forest. Instead of searching the entire patch of forest and counting all the oak trees, the scientist could count the trees in a smaller section of the forest, such as a 1 km2 area. The scientist could then use this value to estimate the population of the larger area. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Describe the main properties that scientists measure when they study populations. ● Compare the three general patterns of population dispersion. ● Identify the measurements used to describe changing populations. ● Compare the three general types of survivorship curves. VOCABULARY population population density dispersion birth rate death rate life expectancy age structure survivorship curve FIGURE 19-1 A population can be widely distributed, as Earth’s human population is, or confined to a small area, as species of fish in a lake are. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 382 CHAPTER 19 If the small patch contains 25 oaks, an area 10 times larger would likely contain 10 times as many oak trees. A similar kind of sampling technique might be used to estimate the size of the pop- ulation shown in Figure 19-2. To use this kind of estimate, the sci- entist must assume that the distribution of individuals in the entire population is the same as that in the sampled group. Estimates of population size are based on many such assumptions, so all esti- mates have the potential for error. Population Density Population density measures how crowded a population is. This measurement is always expressed as the number of individuals per unit of area or volume. For example, the population density of humans in the United States is about 30 people per square kilome- ter. Table 19-1 shows the population sizes and densities of humans in several countries in 2003. These estimates are calculated for the total land area. Some areas of a country may be sparsely popu- lated, while other areas are very densely populated. Dispersion A third population property is dispersion (di-SPUHR-zhuhn). Dispersion is the spatial distribution of individuals within the popu- lation. In a clumped distribution, individuals are clustered together. In a uniform distribution, individuals are separated by a fairly con- sistent distance. In a random distribution, each individual’s location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the popula- tion. Figure 19-3 illustrates the three possible patterns of dispersion. Clumped distributions often occur when resources such as food or living space are clumped. Clumped distributions may also occur because of a species’ social behavior, such as when animals gather into herds or flocks. Uniform distributions may result from social behavior in which individuals within the same habitat stay as far away from each other as possible. For example, a bird may locate its nest so as to maximize the distance from the nests of other birds. These migrating wildebeests in East Africa are too numerous and mobile to be counted. Scientists must use sampling methods at several locations to monitor changes in the population size of the animals. FIGURE 19-2 TABLE 19-1 Population Size and Density of Some Countries Population size Population density Country (in millions) (in individuals/km2) China 1,289 135 India 1,069 325 United States 292 30 Russia 146 8 Japan 128 337 Mexico 105 54 Kenya 32 54 Australia 20 3 dispersion from the Latin dis-, meaning “out,” and spargere, meaning “to scatter” Word Roots and Origins Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. POPULATIONS 383 The social interactions of birds called gannets, which are shown in Figure 19-3b, result in a uniform distribution. Each gannet chooses a small nesting area on the coast and defends it from other gannets. In this way, each gannet tries to maximize its distance from all of its neighbors, which causes a uniform distribution of individuals. Few populations are truly randomly dispersed. Rather, they show degrees of clumping or uniformity. The dispersion pattern of a population sometimes depends on the scale at which the popu- lation is observed. The gannets shown in Figure 19-3b are uni- formly distributed on a scale of a few meters. However, if the entire island on which the gannets live is observed, the distribution appears clumped because the birds live only near the shore. POPULATION DYNAMICS All populations are dynamic—they change in size and composition over time. To understand these changes, scientists must know more than the population’s size, density, and dispersion. One important measure is the birth rate, the number of births occur- ring in a period of time. In the United States, for example, there are about 4 million births per year. A second important measure is the death rate, or mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a

1. What is the main purpose of including theme and main idea questions in a text? a) To test your reading comprehension skills b) To understand the overall message or lesson of the text c) To practice identifying specific details in the text d) To improve your vocabulary and word knowledge 2. What is the purpose of finding the theme in a text? a) To summarize the main idea of the text in a few words b) To identify the specific details and examples in the text c) To understand the order of events in the text d) To analyze the author's writing style and techniques 3. Which of the following represents the theme of a text? a) A long sentence that describes the setting of the story b) A single word or short phrase that captures the main idea of the text c) A list of characters and their traits d) A detailed description of the plot and conflict in the story 4. How does identifying the main idea of a paragraph help you understand the text? a) It allows you to make connections between different parts of the text b) It helps you identify the author's purpose for writing the text c) It enables you to predict what will happen next in the story d) It helps you remember the specific details and examples in the paragraph 5. Which of the following best describes the main idea of a paragraph? a) The specific details and examples that support the theme of the text b) The order of events and actions in the paragraph c) The overall message or lesson conveyed by the paragraph d) The vocabulary words and their definitions in the paragraph 6. In a short paragraph about dogs, what could be a possible theme? a) Running and playing in the park b) Different breeds of dogs and their characteristics c) The loyalty and companionship dogs provide d) How to train a dog to do tricks 7. What might be the main idea of a paragraph about the importance of recycling? a) Recycling reduces pollution and conserves natural resources b) The process of recycling and how it works c) The different types of materials that can be recycled d) The history of recycling and its impact on society 8. Which of the following could be the theme of a paragraph about the benefits of reading? a) The importance of reading for academic success b) How to choose the right book to read c) The different genres of literature and their characteristics d) The role of libraries in promoting reading 9. If a paragraph discusses the life cycle of a butterfly, what would be the most likely main idea? a) The different colors and patterns of butterfly wings b) The stages of a butterfly's life from egg to adult c) The habitats and environments where butterflies live d) The types of plants that attract butterflies for feeding 10. What is the purpose of including vocabulary words and their meanings in context in a text? a) To test your knowledge of different words and their definitions b) To understand the specific details and examples in the text c) To improve your reading comprehension skills d) To practice using new words in your own writing

Culture Unit: 3.4 & 3.5 (& some 3.2 & 3.3 most missed)

GoGetter3+4 Unit 3.2/3.3/3.4

2.3.1 القيادة في العالم التجاري تتطلب القيادة في عالم التجاري مهارات إدارة مهنية معقدة تجمع بين القدرات الشخصية والرؤية التجارية المتطورة. 2.3.1.1 القيادة المكافئة في العالم التجاري للقيادة المتكاملة (man mann) في العالم التجاري توجد ثلاثة جوانب القيادة الداخلية (الجوهرية) (1n mann- Tex)، القيادة الإستراتيجية (11272 D1DDX(1) والقيادة الشخصية (TX-12 7n). 3.1.2 في .1 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 القيادة الداخلية + القيادة الإستراتيجية + القيادة المتكاملة القيادة الشخصية القيادة الداخلية (الجوهرية) (ne in niann) تنبع من القيم الراسخة الأصالة والاخلاق التي يتصرف القائد بموجبها، القيادة الداخلية (الجوهرية تمنح القائد القدرة والشرعية على إقناع الآخرين. تتطلب هذه القيادة الثقة بالنفس، الالتزام بمجموعة من القيم الأخلاقية اللائقة التي تحدد هويتك بوضوح، الاستعداد للدفاع عن معتقداتك، السيطرة على الذات والتفاؤل، الالتزام بهدف قيم. القيادة الإستراتيجية (ADDON nann): تنشأ لدى القائد الذي يدرك اهمية البيئة المتغيرة ويستخدم الافكار لاتخاذ قرار بشأن مسار العمل الصحيح ،والواضح وتشغيل الأساليب الصحيحة لمسار العمل وتطوير قدرة التنظيم على التغيير والتجديد الأمر الذي سيؤدي إلى نجاح التنظيم. القيادة الشخصية (Ni-2 nann) تعبر عن مهارة عالية من التحفيز والقدرة على الإقناع وبناء الفريق من اجل بذل جهد جماعي للعمل من أجل تطبيق استراتيجية التنظيم. تتطلب هذه القيادة: إضفاء طابع المأسسة الثقافة التنظيمية عالية الأداء، مبنية على هدف وقيم مشتركة، فضلاً عن تقدير افكار ومشاعر ومخاوف الآخرين. كيف تكون جوانب القيادة المتكاملة معاً قاعدة لقيادة ناجعة / فعالة؟ خلل في أحد الجوانب الثلاثة يؤدي الى خلل في نجاعة القيادة لذا يجب ان تتكامل الجوانب الثلاثة بشكل صحيح، لكي تدعم وتكمل وتعزز بعضها البعض وتكون قاعدة للقيادة الناجعة. تعمل الإستراتيجية الجيدة على تطوير التنظيم إذا كان الشخص الذي يقود التنظيم يملك القيم والقدرة على التحفيز والإقناع ويشجع الإبداع والالتزام لدى أعضاء التنظيم من اجل التركيز على اهداف التنظيم وتطبيق استراتيجيته. 2.3.1.2 خصائص / مميزات القيادة في العالم التجاري في العالم التجاري، يتطلب القيادة الناجحة مجموعة من الخصائص الهامة: 1 تحديد الأهداف والغايات يجب على القادة التجاريين تحديد أهداف واضحة ومحددة تسهم في توجيه التنظيم نحو النجاح وتحقيق النمو المستدام. .2 نظرة عالمية شاملة : اهتمام للمستجدات في البيئة العالمية ولا تقتصر النظرة على المستجدات المحلية فقط. 3 قيادة التغيير القادة التجاريين يتمتعون بالقدرة على قيادة التغيير وتنفيذ التغييرات الضرورية للتكيف مع التطورات السريعة في السوق وتشجع على الابتكار والبحث عن طرق جديدة للتطوير والنمو. 4 تنمية رأس المال البشري القادة التجاريين يجب أن يستثمروا في تنمية مهارات وقدرات العاملين لتحسين الأداء والإنتاجية. .5 اتخاذ القرارات على أساس تجاري: يجب على القادة اتخاذ قرارات استراتيجية وتكتيكية بناءً على تحليل البيانات والمعلومات المتاحة. 6 الاتصال : القادة التجاريين يجب أن يكونوا قادرين على التواصل بفعالية مع العاملين والعملاء والمزودين والاستماع لآرائهم وملاحظاتهم لضمان تبادل المعلومات لتحسين عمليات اتخاذ القرار والإدارة في التنظيم. 7. التعلم المستمر يسعى القادة في العالم التجاري لتطوير أنفسهم وزيادة معرفتهم ومهاراتهم باستمرار. 8 إدارة المخاطر القادة التجاريين يجب أن يكونوا قادرين على إدارة المخاطر بشكل فعال لتحقيق النجاح المستدام. القادة في التنظيمات التكنولوجية الذكية امثال جيف بيزوس وستيف جوبز وبيل جيتس قادة ناجحون ورجال أعمال مرموقون 2.3.1.3 القادة في التنظيمات التكنولوجية الذكية أسسوا شركات ضخمة. أساليب إدارتهم وقيادتهم أصبحت محط اهتمام وتعلم، ونموذجا يحتذى به في محاولة لفهم سر القادة في التنظيمات التكنولوجية الذكية امثال جيف بيزوس وستيف جوبز وبيل جيتس قادة ناجحون ورجال اعمال مرموقون أسسوا شركات ضخمة: 1 إيلون ماسك: هو مؤسس تسلا ورئيس مجلس إدارتها. وتسلا ليست مؤشرا، بل هي شركة متخصصة في تصنيع السيارات الكهربائية والتكنولوجيا المتعلقة بها. ...2 جيف بيزوس هو مؤسس شركة أمازون والتي ليست مؤشرًا أيضًا، بل هى واحدة من أكبر الشركات التجارية الإلكترونية وشركات التكنولوجيا في العالم وظيفة 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 ستيف جوبز : هو مؤسس شركة آبل ورئيسها التنفيذي السابق (توفي في عام 2011). وآبل ليست مؤشرا أيضا، بل هي شركة تكنولوجية عالمية معروفة بتصنيع الأجهزة الإلكترونية وتطوير البرمجيات والخدمات ذات الصلة. 4 بيل جيتس: مؤسس مايكروسوفت والرئيس التنفيذي السابق للشركة. ومايكروسوفت أيضا ليست مؤشرا، بل هي شركة 7 تكنولوجيا معروفة بتطوير برامج الكمبيوتر ونظم التشغيل وخدمات الحوسبة. هناك العديد من الصفات المشتركة بين القادة الناجحين مثل تسلا وجيف بيزوس وستيف جوبز وبيل جيتس. من بين هذه المميزات: الاتصال الفعال اتخاذ قرارات حاسمة يجب أن القائد أن لتحقيق 2.3.2.1 تتغير تحفيز العاملين بطرق إيجابية بدلاً من الاعتماد التعلم المستمر والتطور، ويتكيفون بسرعة مع أن يتكيف على الخوف والترهيب الالتزام والعمل الجاد القدرة على الاقناع والتأثير الإبتكار والقدرة على التجدد التغييرات والابتكارات في السوق تحسين العمل الجماعي حل المشكلات بذكاء الاهتمام بالتسوية وحل الصراعات بشكل بناء. لتحسين .1 لتك الفصل الثاني - القيادة الإبداع في إيجاد حلول جديدة

مقدمة: الضرب هو عملية رياضية أساسية تُستخدم لتمثيل تكرار جمع نفس العدد عدة مرات. مثلاً، عندما نقول 3 × 4، فإننا نقصد جمع العدد 3 مع نفسه 4 مرات: 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12. الرمز: الرمز المستخدم للضرب هو "×" أو "*" أو "·"، ويختلف بحسب السياق. على سبيل المثال: 3 × 4 = 12 5 * 6 = 30 العملية: الضرب هو عملية تجمع بين عددين وتُنتج "حاصل ضرب". يتكون هذا الحاصل من ضرب العدد الأول في العدد الثاني. مثال 1: إذا كان لدينا 2 × 3، فنقوم بحساب: 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 إذن، 2 × 3 = 6. خاصية التوزيع: إذا كان لدينا مثلاً 3 × (4 + 2)، يمكننا توزيع الضرب على الجمع: 3 × (4 + 2) = 3 × 4 + 3 × 2 إذن، 3 × (4 + 2) = 12 + 6 = 18. المضاعفات: كل عملية ضرب يمكن اعتبارها عملية إيجاد المضاعفات. على سبيل المثال، 3 × 4 هو مجرد مضاعف للعدد 3، أي أننا نبحث عن المضاعفات الثلاثية: 3، 6، 9، 12، وهكذا. الضرب في 1: أي عدد نضربه في 1، يبقى كما هو. على سبيل المثال: 5 × 1 = 5. الضرب في 0: أي عدد نضربه في 0، النتيجة تكون دائمًا 0. على سبيل المثال: 7 × 0 = 0. تدريبات: 4 × 5 = ؟ 6 × 2 = ؟ 8 × 3 = ؟

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