What is the primary function of auxin in plant phototropism?

To promote cell elongation on the shaded side of the plant

What is the primary effect of auxin on phototropism in plants?

Auxin causes cells on the shaded side to elongate more than those on the lighted side

Auxin inhibits growth on the shaded side

Auxin distributes evenly in the plant

Auxin promotes root growth in sunlight

Which of the following statements about gibberellin is true?

Gibberellin promotes stem elongation and seed germination

Gibberellin is primarily involved in fruit ripening

Gibberellin inhibits root growth

Gibberellin only affects leaf growth

What effect does increasing water potential have on stomatal opening?

It leads to wilting of the plant.

It has no effect on stomatal opening.

How does abscisic acid (ABA) affect guard cells during drought conditions?

It causes the guard cells to lose turgor pressure and close the stomata.

It stimulates the uptake of water into guard cells.

It has no impact on guard cell functionality.

It increases photosynthesis rate in guard cells.

What role does water potential play in the stomatal opening process?

Water potential drives the movement of water into guard cells, causing them to swell and open the stomata.

Water potential primarily affects root growth, not stomatal function.

Water potential has no significant role in stomatal opening.

High water potential causes guard cells to shrink and close the stomata.

What happens to stomata when a plant experiences water stress?

The stomata close to prevent water loss.

The stomata enlarge to absorb more CO2.

The stomata open to increase transpiration.

What role does ethene play in the process of leaf abscission?

It promotes the formation of an abscission layer.

It prevents chlorophyll breakdown.

Which process initiates the increase of ethene production leading to leaf abscission?

Increase in water availability.

Increase in chlorophyll levels.

What is known to trigger the onset of leaf abscission in relation to environmental changes?

Reduced light and lower temperatures.

Higher nutrient levels in the soil.

During the process of leaf abscission, how does the balance between ethene and auxin levels change?

Ethene levels increase while auxin levels decrease.

Neither hormone changes significantly.

Auxin levels increase while ethene levels decrease.

What is the primary function of the abscission layer formed during leaf abscission?

To sever the connection between the leaf and the stem.

To retain water within the leaf.

To enhance chlorophyll production.

How does the process of leaf abscission benefit a plant during adverse environmental conditions?

It reduces water loss and conserves energy.

What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the context of plant biology?

They are chemicals released by plants that can attract predators of herbivores.

They are the main component of plant cell walls.

They are nutrients absorbed from the soil.

They are responsible for photosynthesis.

Which of the following is a common effect of herbivory on plant chemical defenses?

Increased production of secondary metabolites such as tannins and VOCs.

Decreased growth rates of plants.

Increased water loss through transpiration.

What is a primary function of tannins in plants?

To deter herbivores by making the plant material less palatable.

To store nutrients for the plant.

To enhance the plant's growth rate.

What is the primary function of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivory?

To communicate distress and attract herbivore enemies.

To store nutrients for later use.

To increase photosynthetic efficiency.

4th November - Plant hormones - Recap

Tobruk, a small town on the Libyan coast, was central to much of the fighting that took place in the Western Desert during the Second World War. It had originally been developed by the Italians during their colonisation of eastern Libya during the early decades of the 20th century. With a sheltered deep water harbour it became a key naval outpost. It was fortified during the 1930s with both coastal defence batteries and a 50 kilometre-long perimeter of reinforced concrete platoon posts, and other supporting infrastructure such as gun positions, headquarters bunkers, underground supply dumps, and observation towers. When British and Commonwealth forces advanced out of Egypt and into Libya in January 1941, Tobruk was their second objective. The Italian defence perimeter was attacked by the 6th Australian Division on the morning of 22 January and the town fell the next morning. The operation resulted in approximately 27,000 Italian prisoners and the capture of over 200 artillery pieces, but cost 49 Australian lives. The 6th Division's advance pressed on beyond Tobruk and eventually they were withdrawn from Libya to be deployed to Greece.The 9th Australian Division was moved in to Libya in February 1941 to garrison the territory captured by the 6th. By this time, however, German troops had arrived in Libya to reinforce their Italian allies and they launched an offensive that the British Commonwealth forces were ill-disposed to hold back. A retreat towards Egypt commenced. The 9th Division was ordered to fall back upon Tobruk, hold it in order deny its port facilities to the Germans, and delay their advance so as to provide time for defences on the Egyptian frontier to be prepared. Tobruk and the 9th Division were subsequently encircled, beginning what became known as "the siege of Tobruk". Reinforced by the 18th Brigade of the 7th Australian Division and other British and Commonwealth troops, and resupplied by the sea, the 9th Division held Tobruk from April to September 1941. During this period it repelled two major German attacks. In September and October the 9th Division, its condition steadily declining, was relieved by the British 70th Division, which continued to defend Tobruk until the siege was finally lifted by Operation Crusader in December. The defence of Tobruk resulted in 749 Australian deaths, and another 604 became prisoners of war. Tobruk was the scene of further heavy fighting in June 1942 when the fortunes of war again saw a British Commonwealth force seeking to deny the port to the enemy. The Axis forces, however, were in no mood for another siege and launched a massive attack to capture it on 20 June. It remained in their hands until their final retreat from Libya in November 1942.John Hurst Edmondson (1914-1941), soldier, was born on 8 October 1914 at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, only child of native-born parents Joseph William Edmondson, farmer, and his wife Maude Elizabeth, née Hurst. The family moved to a farm near Liverpool when Jack was a child. Educated at Hurlstone Agricultural High School, he worked with his father and became a champion rifle-shooter. He was a council-member of the Liverpool Agricultural Society and acted as a steward at its shows. Having served (from March 1939) in the 4th Battalion, Militia, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 20 May 1940 and was posted to the 2nd/17th Battalion. Later that month he was promoted acting corporal (substantive in November). Well built and about 5 ft 9 ins (175 cm) tall, Edmondson settled easily into army life and was known as a quiet but efficient soldier. His battalion embarked for the Middle East in October and trained in Palestine. In March 1941 the 2nd/17th moved with other components of the 9th Division to Libya and reached Marsa Brega before an Axis counter-attack forced them to retreat to Tobruk. The siege of the fortress began on 11 April. Two days later the Germans probed the perimeter, targeting a section of the line west of the El Adem Road near Post R33. This strong-point was garrisoned by the 2nd/17th's No.16 Platoon in which Edmondson was a section leader. The enemy intended to clear the post as a bridgehead for an armoured assault on Tobruk.Under cover of darkness thirty Germans infiltrated the barbed wire defences, bringing machine-guns, mortars and two light field-guns. Lieutenant Austin Mackell, commanding No.16 Platoon, led Edmondson's five-man section in an attempt to repel the intruders. Armed with rifles, fixed bayonets and grenades, the party of seven tried to outflank the Germans, but were spotted by the enemy who turned their machine-guns on them. Unknown to his mates, Edmondson was severely wounded in the neck and stomach. Covering fire from R33 ceased at the pre-arranged time of 11.45 p.m. and Mackell ordered his men to charge. Despite his wounds, Edmondson accounted for several enemy soldiers and saved Mackell's life. When the remaining Germans fled, the Australians returned to their lines. Although Edmondson was treated for his wounds, he died before dawn on 14 April 1941. The Germans' armoured attack that morning was thwarted, partly due to the earlier disruption of their plans. Edmondson was buried in Tobruk war cemetery. He had not married. His Victoria Cross, gazetted on 4 July, was the first awarded to a member of Australia's armed forces in World War II. In April 1960 Mrs Edmondson gave her son's medals to the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, where they are displayed alongside his portrait (1958) by Joshua Smith. At Liverpool a public clock commemorates Edmondson, as do the clubrooms used by the sub-branch of the Returned Services League of Australia.Perhaps my nerves will be more under control when I am by myself. There were no entries in the diary until Friday April 18 when she wrote: Fighting terrific in Greece and North Africa…. I dread the casualty list also the heaviest air raid over London to date. Account …. of heavy fighting and much use of bayonet at Tobruk. Also gives an account of a charge in which a Lieutenant and a Corporal took prominent parts on Easter Sunday night. Of course, no names. When I read it …. I was sure the Corporal was Jack…. It said no casualties but …. I know … that all is not well with Jack. ….. (and) Stuffy ….has not come home yet. On Wednesday April 23 she received a letter from Jack dated March 30 and for the first time he said the conditions were bad. The food short, water one bottle for 48 hours. It worried me terribly so I posted a parcel (of) milk tablets, chocolate milk, biscuits (and) cigarettes.Tuesday April 15 I was feeling afraid of something while I was working and packing the cake (and) had a couple of brandys to (keep going).April 26 Received the following telegram in the mail, the bus man brought it in. “It is with deep regret that I have to inform you that Corporal John Hurst Edmondson was killed in action on the 14th April and desire to convey the profound sympathy of the Ministry for the Army and the Military Board.”Her final entry

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