internal text structures; ways that authors organize information within text

The writer establishes that one event directly led to another happening.

The author tells about events or a series of events that happen in a time order.

The writer points out what is the same and what is different between two or more subjects.

The writer makes a statement about a group of people or things as a whole - often based on a few members' behavior.

the author presents a dilemma and possible ways to resolve it

The author shares how to complete a series of steps in a task.

Apples and oranges are similar because they are both fruits.

Today it rained. Therefore, the lawn is muddy.

Tara came in first in the election. Samuel came in second, and Eliza came in third.

I forgot to finish my math homework, so I used my homework pass.

To write a good essay, students must follow certain steps. Think, plan, write, revise, edit, and publish.

Lobster is more expensive than fish sticks.

Some middle school students are immature, so all middle school students are immature.

Signal words: more than, less than, the same as, is similar to, on the other hand

Signal words: begins with, how to, in order to

Signal words: first . . . second . . . third, then, before, after, next

Signal words: all, most, every, always

Signal words: as a result of, consequently, because, therefore, since, so

the complication is. . ., the question is . . ., to fix this, . . .; so I . . .,