a shadow that blocks sunlight, such as the conical section in the shadow of Earth or the moon

a small body from which a planet originated in the early stages of development of the solar system

a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses

the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape

any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years

magma that flows onto Earth's surface; the rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies

the solid outer layer of earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

stress that occurs when forces act in parallel but opposite directions, pushing parts of a solid in opposite directions

the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other

the short-term state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and visibility