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8-9 NY
Quiz by Rabbi Yaakov Glassner
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8.G.C.9 Volume of 3D Figures (real-world problems)Slide 1 Merangkum Buku Fiksi dan Non-Fiksi Berdasarkan Gagasan Pokok Slide 2 Pengertian Merangkum • Merangkum adalah kegiatan menyusun ikhtisar • Mengambil inti atau pokok-pokok penting • Mempertahankan urutan ide penulis asli • Menggunakan bahasa sendiri yang lebih ringkas Slide 3 Tujuan Merangkum • Memahami isi bacaan dengan lebih mudah • Menghemat waktu membaca • Mengingat informasi penting lebih lama • Memudahkan mengulang materi bacaan Slide 4 Apa itu Gagasan Pokok? • Ide utama dalam paragraf • Inti dari sebuah bacaan • Biasanya terdapat di awal atau akhir paragraf • Didukung oleh kalimat-kalimat penjelas Slide 5 Perbedaan Buku Fiksi dan Non-Fiksi • Fiksi: cerita rekaan/khayalan • Non-fiksi: berdasarkan fakta dan kejadian nyata • Fiksi: memiliki alur cerita • Non-fiksi: menyajikan informasi dan pengetahuan Slide 6 Langkah Merangkum Buku Fiksi • Membaca keseluruhan cerita • Mencatat tokoh dan penokohan • Mengidentifikasi alur cerita • Menemukan tema dan amanat • Menulis dengan bahasa sendiri Slide 7 Unsur-unsur Penting Buku Fiksi • Tema • Alur • Tokoh dan Penokohan • Latar • Sudut Pandang • Amanat Slide 8 Langkah Merangkum Buku Non-Fiksi • Membaca secara seksama • Menandai gagasan pokok tiap paragraf • Mencatat informasi penting • Menghubungkan antar gagasan • Menyusun rangkuman Slide 9 Ciri-ciri Rangkuman yang Baik • Sesuai dengan isi asli • Lengkap dan jelas • Menggunakan bahasa baku • Tidak mengubah urutan ide • Objektif Slide 10 Tips Menemukan Gagasan Pokok • Perhatikan kalimat pertama paragraf • Cari kalimat yang diulang-ulang • Identifikasi kata kunci • Temukan kalimat yang dijelaskan Slide 11 Contoh Merangkum Buku Fiksi • Judul: "Laskar Pelangi" • Tema: Pendidikan • Tokoh utama dan karakternya • Ringkasan alur cerita • Pesan moral Slide 12 Contoh Merangkum Buku Non-Fiksi • Judul: "Sejarah Indonesia" • Topik utama tiap bab • Fakta-fakta penting • Hubungan antar peristiwa • Kesimpulan Slide 13 Kesalahan Umum dalam Merangkum • Terlalu panjang • Mengubah makna asli • Menambah pendapat pribadi • Mengabaikan urutan ide • Copy-paste langsung Slide 14 Teknik Membaca Efektif • Scanning • Skimming • Reading for detail • Membuat catatan • Mind mapping Slide 15 Kata Penghubung dalam Merangkum • Selanjutnya • Kemudian • Oleh karena itu • Dengan demikian • Sementara itu Slide 16 Format Rangkuman • Identitas buku • Pendahuluan • Isi pokok • Kesimpulan • Komentar (opsional) Slide 17 Manfaat Keterampilan Merangkum • Meningkatkan pemahaman • Mengembangkan kemampuan analisis • Melatih menulis efektif • Mempertajam daya ingat • Efisiensi belajar Slide 18 Evaluasi Rangkuman • Kelengkapan isi • Ketepatan gagasan pokok • Penggunaan bahasa • Keterpaduan ide • Kerapian penulisan Slide 19 Latihan Praktik • Pilih buku fiksi/non-fiksi • Identifikasi gagasan pokok • Tulis rangkuman • Periksa kelengkapan • Revisi bila perlu Slide 20 Rangkuman dan Penutup • Merangkum adalah keterampilan penting • Perhatikan perbedaan fiksi dan non-fiksi • Fokus pada gagasan pokok • Gunakan bahasa sendiri1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan prinsip penilaian dalam pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia? A. Penentuan standar minimal kelulusan siswa B. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mengukur hasil belajar siswa C. Dasar-dasar yang harus dipenuhi dalam melaksanakan penilaian secara adil dan efektif D. Metode yang digunakan guru untuk memberikan tugas kepada siswa Jawaban: C 2. Salah satu prinsip penting dalam penilaian adalah "keseluruhan." Prinsip ini berarti bahwa penilaian harus: A. Dilakukan di akhir periode pembelajaran B. Melibatkan semua aspek yang dipelajari siswa, baik kognitif, afektif, maupun psikomotor C. Hanya mengukur pengetahuan dasar siswa D. Mengutamakan penilaian sikap dan perilaku siswa Jawaban: B 3. Prinsip "objektivitas" dalam penilaian mengacu pada: A. Menggunakan alat penilaian yang tepat dan relevan dengan materi pembelajaran B. Memberikan nilai berdasarkan hasil yang nyata tanpa dipengaruhi faktor lain seperti preferensi pribadi C. Melibatkan seluruh aspek pembelajaran dalam proses penilaian D. Menilai kemampuan siswa secara subyektif sesuai dengan kondisi kelas Jawaban: B 4. Manakah dari berikut ini yang merupakan salah satu prinsip penilaian yang baik dalam pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia? A. Penilaian bersifat subyektif sesuai keinginan guru B. Penilaian dilakukan hanya berdasarkan satu aspek keterampilan siswa C. Penilaian dilakukan secara berkelanjutan untuk memantau perkembangan siswa D. Penilaian hanya dilakukan pada akhir semester Jawaban: C 5. Apa yang dimaksud dengan acuan penilaian dalam konteks pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia? A. Sistem yang digunakan untuk memberikan umpan balik kepada siswa B. Kriteria atau standar yang digunakan untuk menentukan tingkat pencapaian siswa C. Teknik mengajar yang diterapkan selama proses pembelajaran D. Metode evaluasi lisan dalam menilai kemampuan berbicara siswa Jawaban: B 6. Acuan penilaian yang menggunakan kriteria tertentu sebagai patokan disebut: A. Acuan norma B. Acuan kriteria C. Acuan standar D. Acuan individual Jawaban: B 7. Penilaian yang membandingkan hasil belajar siswa dengan hasil belajar siswa lain dalam satu kelompok disebut: A. Penilaian berbasis kriteria B. Penilaian sumatif C. Penilaian berbasis norma D. Penilaian formatif Jawaban: C 8. Acuan kriteria dalam penilaian berarti bahwa penilaian: A. Menggunakan hasil belajar siswa lain sebagai standar B. Membandingkan pencapaian siswa dengan standar atau tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan C. Hanya menilai aspek kognitif siswa D. Dilakukan secara acak tanpa kriteria tertentu Jawaban: B 9. Prinsip "validitas" dalam penilaian berarti bahwa: A. Instrumen penilaian mengukur apa yang seharusnya diukur B. Penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan standar yang berubah-ubah C. Penilaian dilakukan hanya sekali dalam satu periode belajar D. Hasil penilaian dapat direplikasi oleh guru lain Jawaban: A 10. Salah satu contoh penerapan acuan kriteria dalam penilaian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia adalah: A. Membandingkan nilai siswa dengan nilai rata-rata kelas B. Menggunakan rubrik penilaian untuk menilai esai siswa berdasarkan standar tertentu C. Memberikan nilai berdasarkan partisipasi siswa selama pembelajaran D. Memberikan nilai akhir berdasarkan intuisi guru Jawaban: B Semoga soal-soal ini sesuai dengan kebutuhan Anda! Apakah ada peMYTH The British helped the Jews displace the native Arab population of Palestine. FACT Herbert Samuel, a British Jew who served as the first High Commissioner of Palestine, placed restrictions on Jewish immigration “in the ‘interests of the present population’ and the ‘absorptive capacity’ of the country.”1 The influx of Jewish settlers was said to force the Arab fellahin (native peasants) from their land. This was when less than a million people lived in an area that now supports more than nine million. The British limited the absorptive capacity of Palestine when, in 1921, Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill severed nearly four-fifths of Palestine—some thirty-five thousand square miles—to create a new Arab entity, Transjordan. As a consolation prize for the Hejaz and Arabia (which are both now Saudi Arabia) going to the Saud family, Churchill rewarded Sharif Hussein’s son Abdullah for his contribution to the war against Turkey by installing him as Transjordan’s emir. The British went further and placed restrictions on Jewish land purchases in what remained of Palestine. By 1949, the British had allotted 87,500 acres of the 187,500 acres of cultivable land to Arabs and only 4,250 acres to Jews. This contradicted Article 6 of the Mandate which stated that “the Administration of Palestine…shall encourage, in cooperation with the Jewish Agency…close settlement by Jews on the land, including State lands and waste lands not acquired for public purposes.”2 Ultimately, the British admitted that the argument about the country’s absorptive capacity was specious. The Peel Commission said, “The heavy immigration in the years 1933–36 would seem to show that the Jews have been able to enlarge the absorptive capacity of the country for Jews.”3 MYTH The British allowed Jews to flood Palestine while Arab immigration was tightly controlled. FACT The British response to Jewish immigration set a precedent of appeasing the Arabs, which was followed for the duration of the Mandate. The British restricted Jewish immigration while allowing Arabs to enter the country freely. Apparently, London did not feel that a flood of Arab immigrants would affect the country’s “absorptive capacity.” During World War I, the Jewish population in Palestine declined because of the war, famine, disease, and expulsion by the Turks. In 1915, approximately 83,000 Jews lived in Palestine among 590,000 Muslim and Christian Arabs. According to the 1922 census, the Jewish population was 83,000, while the Arabs numbered 643,000.4 Thus, the Arab population grew exponentially while that of the Jews stagnated. In the mid-1920s, Jewish immigration to Palestine increased primarily because of anti-Jewish economic legislation in Poland and Washington’s imposition of restrictive quotas.5 The record number of immigrants in 1935 (see table) was a response to the growing persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. The British administration considered this number too large, however, so the Jewish Agency was informed that less than one-third of the quota it asked for would be approved in 1936.6 The British gave in further to Arab demands by announcing in the 1939 White Paper that an independent Arab state would be created within ten years and that Jewish immigration was to be limited to 75,000 for the next five years, after which it was to cease altogether. It also forbade land sales to Jews in 95% of the territory of Palestine. The Arabs, nevertheless, rejected the proposal. Jewish Immigration to Palestine7 1919 1,806 1931 4,075 1920 8,223 1932 12,533 1921 8,294 1933 37,337 1922 8,685 1934 45,267 1923 8,175 1935 66,472 1924 13,892 1936 29,595 1925 34,386 1937 10,629 1926 13,855 1938 14,675 1927 3,034 1939 31,195 1928 2,178 1940 10,643 1929 5,249 1941 4,592 1930 4,944 By contrast, throughout the Mandatory period, Arab immigration was unrestricted. In 1930, the Hope Simpson Commission, sent from London to investigate the 1929 Arab riots, said the British practice of ignoring the uncontrolled illegal Arab immigration from Egypt, Transjordan, and Syria had the effect of displacing the prospective Jewish immigrants.8 The British governor of the Sinai from 1922 to 1936 observed, “This illegal immigration was not only going on from the Sinai, but also from Transjordan and Syria, and it is very difficult to make a case out for the misery of the Arabs if at the same time their compatriots from adjoining states could not be kept from going in to share that misery.”9 The Peel Commission reported in 1937 that the “shortfall of land is…due less to the amount of land acquired by Jews than to the increase in the Arab population.”10 MYTH The British changed their policy to allow Holocaust survivors to settle in Palestine. FACT The gates of Palestine remained closed for the duration of the war, stranding hundreds of thousands of Jews in Europe, many of whom became victims of Hitler’s “Final Solution.” After the war, the British refused to allow the survivors of the Nazi nightmare to find sanctuary in Palestine. On June 6, 1946, President Truman urged the British government to relieve the suffering of the Jews confined to displaced persons camps in Europe by immediately accepting 100,000 Jewish immigrants. Britain’s foreign minister Ernest Bevin replied sarcastically that the United States wanted displaced Jews to immigrate to Palestine “because they did not want too many of them in New York.”11 Some Jews reached Palestine, many smuggled in on dilapidated ships organized by the Haganah. Between August 1945 and the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, sixty-five “illegal” immigrant ships, carrying 69,878 people, arrived from European shores. In August 1946, however, the British began to intern those they caught in camps on Cyprus. Approximately 50,000 people were detained in the camps, and 28,000 remained imprisoned when Israel declared independence.12 MYTH As the Jewish population grew, the plight of the Palestinian Arabs worsened. FACT In July 1921, Hasan Shukri, the mayor of Haifa and president of the Muslim National Associations, sent a telegram to the British government in reaction to a delegation of Palestinians that went to London to try to stop the implementation of the Balfour Declaration. Shukri wrote: We are certain that without Jewish immigration and financial assistance there will be no future development of our country as may be judged from the fact that the towns inhabited in part by Jews such as Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, and Tiberias are making steady progress while Nablus, Acre, and Nazareth where no Jews reside are steadily declining.13 The Jewish population increased by 470,000 between World War I and World War II, while the non-Jewish population rose by 588,000.14 The permanent Arab population increased by 120% between 1922 and 1947.15 This rapid growth of the Arab population was a result of several factors. One was immigration from neighboring states—constituting 37% of the total immigration to pre-state Israel—by Arabs who wanted to take advantage of the higher standard of living the Jews had made possible.16 The Arab population also grew because of the improved living conditions created by the Jews as they drained malarial swamps and brought improved sanitation and health care to the region. Thus, for example, the Muslim infant mortality rate fell from 201 per thousand in 1925 to 94 per thousand in 1945, and life expectancy rose from 37 years in 1926 to 49 in 1943.17 The Arab population increased the most in cities where large Jewish populations had created new economic opportunities. From 1922–1947, the non-Jewish population increased by 290% in Haifa, 131% in Jerusalem, and 158% in Jaffa. The growth in Arab towns was more modest: 42% in Nablus, 78% in Jenin, and 37% in Bethlehem.18 MYTH Jews stole Arab land. FACT Despite the growth in their population, the Arabs continued to assert they were being displaced. From the beginning of World War I, however, part of Palestine’s land was owned by absentee landlords who lived in Cairo, Damascus, and Beirut. About 80% of the Palestinian Arabs were debt-ridden peasants, semi-nomads, and Bedouins.19 Jews went out of their way to avoid purchasing land in areas where Arabs might be displaced. They sought land that was largely uncultivated, swampy, cheap, and—most important—without tenants. In 1920, Labor Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion expressed his concern about the Arab fellahin, whom he viewed as “the most important asset of the native population.” He insisted that “under no circumstances must we touch land belonging to fellahs or worked by them.” Instead, he advocated helping liberate them from their oppressors. “Only if a fellah leaves his place of settlement,” Ben-Gurion added, “should we offer to buy his land, at an appropriate price.”20 Jews only began to purchase cultivated land after buying all the uncultivated territory. Many Arabs were willing to sell because of the migration to coastal towns and because they needed money to invest in the citrus industry.21 When John Hope Simpson arrived in Palestine in May 1930, he observed, “They [the Jews] paid high prices for the land and, in addition, they paid to certain of the occupants of those lands a considerable amount of money which they were not legally bound to pay.”22 In 1931, Lewis French conducted a survey of landlessness for the British government and offered new plots to any Arabs who had been “dispossessed.” British officials received more than 3,000 applications, of which 80% were ruled invalid by the government’s legal adviser because the applicants were not landless Arabs. This left only about 600 landless Arabs, 100 of whom accepted the government land offer.23 In April 1936, a new outbreak of Arab attacks on Jews was instigated by local Palestinian leaders who were later joined by Arab volunteers led by a Syrian guerrilla named Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the commander of the Arab Liberation Army. By November, when the British finally sent a new commission headed by Lord Peel to investigate, 89 Jews had been killed and more than 300 wounded.24 The Peel Commission’s report found that Arab complaints about Jewish land acquisition were baseless. It pointed out that “much of the land now carrying orange groves was sand dunes or swamp and uncultivated when it was purchased…There was at the time of the earlier sales little evidence that the owners possessed either the resources or training needed to develop the land.”25 Moreover, the Commission found the shortage was “due less to the amount of land acquired by Jews than to the increase in the Arab population.” The report concluded that the presence of Jews in Palestine, along with the work of the British administration, had resulted in higher wages, an improved standard of living, and ample employment opportunities.26 It is made quite clear to all, both by the map drawn up by the Simpson Commission and by another compiled by the Peel Commission, that the Arabs are as prodigal in selling their land as they are in useless wailing and weeping (emphasis in the original). —Transjordan’s king Abdullah27 Even at the height of the Arab revolt in 1938 (which began in April 1936 with the murder of two Jews by Arabs and the subsequent murder of two Arab workers by members of the Jewish underground28), the British high commissioner to Palestine believed the Arab landowners were complaining about sales to Jews to drive up prices for lands they wished to sell. Many Arab landowners had been so terrorized by Arab rebels they decided to leave Palestine and sell their property to the Jews.29 The Jews paid exorbitant prices to wealthy landowners for small tracts of arid land. “In 1944, Jews paid between $1,000 and $1,100 per acre in Palestine, mostly for arid or semiarid land; in the same year, rich black soil in Iowa was selling for about $110 per acre.”30 By 1947, Jewish holdings in Palestine amounted to about 463,000 acres. Approximately 45,000 were acquired from the mandatory government, 30,000 were bought from various churches, and 387,500 were purchased from Arabs. Analyses of land purchases from 1880 to 1948 show that 73% of Jewish plots were purchased from large landowners, not poor fellahin.31 Many leaders of the Arab nationalist movement, including members of the Muslim Supreme Council, and the mayors of Gaza, Jerusalem, and s sold land to the Jews. As’ad el-Shuqeiri, a Muslim religious scholar and father of Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Ahmed Shuqeiri, took Jewish money for his land. Even King Abdullah leased land to the Jews.32 MYTH The British helped the Palestinians to live peacefully with the Jews. FACT In 1921, Haj Amin el-Husseini first began to organize fedayeen (“one who sacrifices himself”) to terrorize Jews. El-Husseini hoped to duplicate the success of Kemal Atatürk in Turkey by driving the Jews out of Palestine just as Kemal had driven the invading Greeks from his country.33 Arab radicals gained influence because the British administration was unwilling to take effective action against them until they began a revolt against British rule. Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, former head of British military intelligence in Cairo, and later chief political officer for Palestine and Syria, wrote in his diary that British officials “incline towards the exclusion of Zionism in Palestine.” The British encouraged the Palestinians to attack the Jews. According to Meinertzhagen, Col. Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor (financial adviser to the military administration in Palestine 1919–23) met with el-Husseini in 1920, a few days before Easter, and told him that “he had a great opportunity at Easter to show the world…that Zionism was unpopular not only with the Palestine administration but in Whitehall.” He added that “if disturbances of sufficient violence occurred in Jerusalem at Easter, both General [Louis] Bols [chief administrator in Palestine, 1919–20] and General [Edmund] Allenby [commander of the Egyptian force, 1917–19, then high commissioner of Egypt] would advocate the abandonment of the Jewish Home. Waters-Taylor explained that freedom could only be attained through violence.”34 El-Husseini took the colonel’s advice and instigated a riot. The British withdrew their troops and the Jewish police from Jerusalem, allowing the Arab mob to attack Jews and loot their shops. Because of el-Husseini’s overt role in instigating the pogrom, the British decided to arrest him. He escaped, however, and was sentenced to ten years in absentia. A year later, some British Arabists convinced High Commissioner Herbert Samuel to pardon el-Husseini and to appoint him Mufti (a cleric in charge of Jerusalem’s Islamic holy places). By contrast, Vladimir Jabotinsky and several followers, who had formed a Jewish defense organization during the unrest, were sentenced to 15 years. They were released a few months later.35 Samuel met with el-Husseini on April 11, 1921, and was assured “that the influences of his family and himself would be devoted to tranquility.” Three weeks later, riots in Jaffa and elsewhere left forty-three Jews dead.36 El-Husseini consolidated his power and took control of all Muslim religious funds in Palestine. He used his authority to gain control over the mosques, the schools, and the courts. No Arab could reach an influential position without being loyal to the Mufti. His power was so absolute that “no Muslim in Palestine could be born or die without being beholden to Haj Amin.”37 The Mufti’s henchmen also ensured he would have no opposition by systematically killing Palestinians who discussed cooperation with the Jews from rival clans. As the spokesman for Palestinian Arabs, el-Husseini did not ask that Britain grant them independence. On the contrary, in a letter to Churchill in 1921, he demanded that Palestine be reunited with Syria and Transjordan.38 The Arabs found rioting an effective political tool because of the lax British response toward violence against Jews. In handling each riot, the British prevented Jews from protecting themselves but made little effort to prevent the Arabs from attacking them. After each outbreak, a British commission of inquiry would try to establish the cause of the violence. The conclusion was always the same: The Arabs feared being displaced by the Jews. To stop the rioting, the commissions would recommend that restrictions be placed on Jewish immigration. Thus, the Arabs learned they could always stop the influx of Jews by staging riots. This cycle began after a series of riots in May 1921. After failing to protect the Jewish community from Arab mobs, the British appointed the Haycraft Commission to investigate the cause of the violence. Although the panel concluded the Arabs had been the aggressors, it rationalized the cause of the attack: “The fundamental cause of the riots was a feeling among the Arabs of discontent with, and hostility to, the Jews, due to political and economic causes, and connected with Jewish immigration, and with their conception of Zionist policy.”39 One consequence of the violence was the institution of a temporary ban on Jewish immigration. The Arab fear of being “displaced” or “dominated” was an excuse for their attacks on Jewish settlers. Note, too, that these riots were not inspired by nationalistic fervor—nationalists would have rebelled against their British overlords—they were motivated by economics, the radical Islamic views of the Mufti, and misunderstanding. In 1929, Arab provocateurs convinced the masses that the Jews had designs on the Temple Mount (a tactic still used today to incite violence). A Jewish religious observance at the Western Wall, which forms a part of the Temple Mount, served as a pretext for rioting by Arabs against Jews, which spilled out of Jerusalem into other villages and towns, including Safed and Hebron. Again, the British administration made no effort to prevent the violence, and, after it began, the British did nothing to protect the Jewish population. After six days of mayhem, the British finally brought troops in to quell the disturbance. By this time, most of Hebron’s Jews had fled or been killed. In all, 133 Jews were killed and 399 wounded in the pogroms.40 After the riots, the British ordered an investigation, resulting in the Passfield White Paper. It said the “immigration, land purchase and settlement policies of the Zionist Organization were already or were likely to become, prejudicial to Arab interests. It understood the mandatory government’s obligation to the non-Jewish community to mean that Palestine’s resources must be primarily reserved for the growing Arab economy.”41 This meant it was necessary to restrict Jewish immigration and land purchases. MYTH The Mufti was not a Nazi collaborator. FACT In 1941, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti of Jerusalem, fled to Germany and met with Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Joachim Von Ribbentrop, and other Nazi leaders. He wanted to persuade them to extend the Nazis’ anti-Jewish program to the Arab world. The Mufti sent Hitler fifteen drafts of declarations he wanted Germany and Italy to make concerning the Middle East. One called on the two countries to declare the illegality of the Jewish home in Palestine. He also asked the Axis powers to “accord to Palestine and to other Arab countries the right to solve the problem of the Jewish elements in Palestine and other Arab countries in accordance with the interest of the Arabs, and by the same method that the question is now being settled in the Axis countries.”42 In November 1941, the Mufti met with Hitler, who told him the Jews were his foremost enemy. The Nazi dictator rebuffed the Mufti’s requests for a declaration in support of the Arabs, however, telling him the time was not right. The Mufti offered Hitler his “thanks for the sympathy which he had always shown for the Arab and especially Palestinian cause, and to which he had given clear expression in his public speeches.” He added, “The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends because they had the same enemies as had Germany, namely…the Jews.” Hitler told the Mufti he opposed the creation of a Jewish state and that Germany’s objective was destroying the Jewish element in the Arab sphere.43 In 1945, Yugoslavia sought to indict the Mufti as a war criminal for his role in recruiting twenty thousand Muslim volunteers for the SS, who participated in the killing of Jews in Croatia and Hungary. He escaped French detention in 1946, however, and continued his fight against the Jews from Cairo and later Beirut where he died in 1974. MYTH The bombing of the King David Hotel was part of a deliberate terror campaign against civilians. FACT British troops seized the Jewish Agency compound on June 29, 1946, and confiscated large quantities of documents. At about the same time, more than 2,500 Jews from all over Palestine were arrested. A week later, news of a massacre of 40 Jews in a pogrom in Poland reminded the Jews of Palestine how Britain’s restrictive immigration policy had condemned thousands to death. In response to the British provocations, and a desire to demonstrate that the Jews’ spirit could not be broken, the United Resistance Movement planned to bomb the King David Hotel, which housed the British military command and the Criminal Investigation Division in addition to hotel guests. The Haganah pulled out of the plot and left it up to the Irgun. Irgun leader Menachem Begin stressed his desire to avoid civilian casualties and the plan was to warn the British so they would evacuate the building before it was blown up. Three telephone calls were placed on July 22, 1946, one to the hotel, another to the French Consulate, and a third to the Palestine Post warning that explosives in the King David Hotel would soon be detonated. The call to the hotel was received and ignored. Begin quotes one British official who supposedly refused to evacuate the building, saying, “We don’t take orders from the Jews.”44 As a result, when the bombs exploded, the casualty toll was high: 91 killed and 45 injured. Among the casualties were 15 Jews. Few people in the main part of the hotel were injured.45 For decades, the British denied they had been warned. In 1979, however, a member of the British Parliament provided the testimony of a British officer who heard other officers in the King David Hotel bar joking about a Zionist threat to the headquarters. The officer who overheard the conversation immediately left the hotel and survived.46 In contrast to Arab attacks against Jews, which Arab leaders hailed as heroic actions, the Jewish National Council denounced the bombing of the King David.47 1 Aharon Cohen, Israel and the Arab World, (NY: Funk and Wagnalls, 1970), p. 172Make mcq quiz with 4 option in which one is correct -'10 Basis of Material Science • .....;;;";;;"~~;;,,;;,,,,;.;.,,;;,,,;,,;.;,.,------------ 6. Temporary materials: Some materials are meant to be placed in the oral cavity for a short period of time for different reasons. • Temporary crowns: While a permanent crown is prepared in the dental laboratory, the patient must wait for few days before it can be fabricated and cemented into place. Does patient experience any problems during this time period? If the tooth is vital (the pulp is alive), the patient is likely to experience pain and sensitivity while eating and drinking, also it looks unesthetic. What can be done to solve this problem? A temporary crown is placed before the patient leaves the clinic. It is constructed and luted in the same appointment in which the crown preparation is done. Temporary crowns are not very strong or esthetic but they serve adequately till the permanent crown is ready to be cemented. • Temporary restorations: Sometimes it is difficult to decide immediately the best line of treatment for a particular tooth. The exact condition of the pulp may not be obvious to the dentist from the patient's symptoms. A dentist removes all or part of the decay and then places a temporary restoration to have time to observe the behaviour of the pulp or to give the pilip time to heal before deciding the further treatment required. Classification based on Location of Fabrication 4,9 Materials can be classified based on the location of fabrication into: • Direct restorative materials. • Indirect restorative materials Direct restorative materials: They include those materials which are used to restore cavity preparations directly in the oral cavity (Box 1.5). Box 1.5: Examples of direct restorative materials Amalgam, composites, glass ionomer and other materials, which set by chemical reactions in the mouth. Indirect restorative materials: It includes those restorations which must be fabricated outside the mouth, indirectly on a cast/ model/ die, because their processing condition would harm oral tissues. Materials used in the construction of such prosthesis are called indirect restorative materials (Box 1.6). Box 1.6: Examples of indirect restorative materials Gold inlays, crowns of metal, ceramic and polymers, which are processed at elevated temperatures. Some indirect composite restorations can be processed under specific wavelength of light, e.g. Ceramage. Classification based on Longevity of Use 1. Permanent restorations: These restorations are not planned to be replaced for a particular time period. Though they are referred to as permanent, actually they are not, e.g. fillings, crowns, bridges and dentures do not last forever (Fig. 1.5). 2. Temporary restorations: These restorations are planned to be replaced in a short period of time, such as few days to weeks. For ~ Permanent C/) c c -.2 0 c- :;::; Cll co Interim ~ Q; 0 .8ll::1iJ C/) o~ Cll a:: c:=:J Temporary Time period Fig. 1.5: Diagram depicting the time period of use of a restoration. (Arrow in permanent restoration depicts that such restorations are not planned to be replaced for a long period of time.) Introducton to Dental Materials Dental materials Box 1.7: Characteristics of metals 1. High thermal and electrical conductivity 2. Ductility (pure metals are very soft and they can be bent without breaking) 3. Opacity (they do not transmit light) 4. Luster (they have a surface that strongly reflects light and appears bright and shiny) 5. They tend to dissolve to some extent in water or other aqueous solutions, producing cations. 6. All metals are white (actually gray) except for gold, which is yellow, and copper, which is reddish. 7. All metals are solid at room temperature except mercury, which is liquid at room temperature and is used with silver alloys as amalgam. 8. All metals have high melting temperatures because of high strength of the metallic bond that holds the atoms together. 3. Polymers 4. Composites Composites are mixtures of two or more of the first three classes in which the different components remain distinct from one another in the final structure. A common example is composite resin. Fig. 1.7a: Three-dimensional structure of iron (metal) Metals Metals are the oldest of the three classes of materials that have been used as dental materials. Metals are characterized by metallic bonds (Box 1.7) which will be discussed in the next chapter. Metals solidify with their atoms in a regular or crystalline arrangement (see Chapter 2), often in the form of a cube (Fig. 1.7a). example, temporary fillings done in a tooth during root canal treatment, which have to be replaced within 2-4 days during subsequent visits. They are used to protect the tooth and provide function till the final restoration is done. 3. Interim restoration: At times, dental treatment requires "long-term" definite temporary restorations or "interim" restorations. For examle, a 7-year-old child, met with trauma and fractured one of his central incisors. A large composite build- up may serve his immediate requirement until the root formation is completed and a permanent crown is placed. 5 Classification based on the Chemical Nature of the Material These are the atoms that make up a material and the way they are bonded together determine the properties of that materiaLS Weak bonds make for weak materials and vice versa (Table 1.4). Materials can be classified into different categories based on their primary atomic bonds (Fig. 1.6): 1. Metals 2. Ceramics Fig. 1.6: Classification of dental materials based on chemical nature 12 Basis of Material Science Box 1.9: Benefits of ceramics in dentistry 1. Many ceramic oxides are used as pigmenting agents. These oxides produce good range of colors. Due to this characteristic, we are able to match almost any tooth color with good esthetic results. 2. They are inert, i.e. not chemically reactive. This quality provides ceramics with good bio- compatibility. 3. Ceramic materials are translucent, like natural teeth. This translucency gives the ceramic crown a more natural appearance than any other dental material. Fig. 1.7b: Internal arrangement of tetrahedral structure of ceramic (silica) four large oxygen atoms surround smaller silicon atom Ceramics A ceramic is a compound formed by the union of a metallic and a non-metallic element (Box 1.8). Most of these materials are oxides, formed by the union of oxygen with metals such as silicon, aluminum, calcium and magnesium (Fig.1.7b). Ceramics may be simple or complex. Examples of simple ceramics are alumina and silica. Examples of complex ceramics are feldspar (potassium aluminum silicate) and kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate). Ceramics may be crystalline or non- crystalline (i.e. amorphous). Porcelain is a specific type of ceramic used extensively in dentistry (Box 1.9). Box 1.8: Characteristics of ceramics 1. High melting points. 2. Brittleness, which means they cannot be bent or deformed (no sliding) to any extent without actually cracking and breaking. 3. They are poor conductor of heat and electricity. 4. They are chemically inert. 5. They have excellent esthetic result in terms of matching natural teeth. Fig. 1.8: Stucture of synthetic polymer Polymers They are the latest addition (early to mid- 1900s) to dental materials. Most of the polymers are nowadays synthesized by humans. Polymers are giant, long-chain organic molecules (Fig. 1.8). Polymers are characterized by covalent bonds within each molecule, giving them tremendous strength in a single direction. Try to break a nylon rope by pulling it! They are poor conductors of heat and electri- city. Most polymers have a structure containing thousands of carbon atoms linked together like beads on a string. Others, such as silicone polymers are formed with silicon-oxygen bonds. Introducton to Dental Materials Table 1.4: Characteristics of different materials 13 Characteristics Bond Properties Crystal structure Metals Metallic bonding High strength and hardness, high electrical and thermal conductivity BCC, FCC, or HCP unit cells Ceramics Ionic or covalent bonding, or both High hardness and stiffness, electrically insulating, refractory, and chemically inert Crystalline or amorphous Polymers Covalent bonding Low sensitivity, high electrical resistivity, and low thermal conductivity, strength and stiffness vary widely Amorphous and crystalline Composites Composites are combinations of any of the basic ceramic, metallic and polymeric materials (Box 1.10). Each material that makes up composites is called a phase. Their properties tend to be somewhere between those of their basic constituents and are used to enhance their performance, longevity and handling chracterstics. Box 1.10: Types of composites in dentistry 1. Ceramic - metallic composite: Tungsten carbide bur. 2. Metal - polymer composite: Die materials in dental laboratory. 3. Ceramic - polymer composite: Enamel, dentin, bone and restorative composites. A composite is a kind of "combination" of materials, which compliment each other. The properties lacking in one material are compensated by those of the other material. For example, restorative composite has two phases, namely resin and fillers. Teeth and bones are examples of natural composites. Enamel is a composite of hydroxyapatite (which is a ceramic material) and protein (which is a polymer). EVALUATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS Most manufacturers of dental materials maintain a quality assurance programme (As per international standard like ADA specifications) and materials are thoroughly tested before being released into the market for dental practitioner (Fig. 1.9). Laboratory Evaluations Most ADA/ ANSI specifications involve laboratory tests. The tests performed as per these specifications are useful but they all are performed in vitro, (carried out in the laboratory away from the clinical conditions) which have a lot of limitations in clinical practice.lO Clinical Notes 1. For example, most of the direct restorative materials are tested for their compressive strength but ultimately the material is subjected to a combination of compressive, tensile and shear stresses, which may decide the final success or failure of the material under masticatory load. 2. Similarly upper dentures mostly fracture along the midline because of bending. Hence a bending or transverse strength ~B-a-s-is-o-f-M-a-t-e-ria-I-S~c-ie-n-c-e-------------- ---------. test is far more meaningful for denture base materials than a compression test. Clinical Trials The majority of new materials are subjected to extensive clinical trials normally in co-operation with a dental college or hospital departments prior to their release. CONCLUSION As the number of available materials is going up, it is important that the dentist remains more aware about new products so that their judgement about the selection of material remains successful. Materials which have not been thoroughly evaluated should be avoided, specially with clinical dentistry falling under Consumer Protection Act (CPA). I Research and development I iI Manufacturer/analysis Ideal requirements for clinical use: Thermal, optical, mechanical, chemical, biological Available materials and their properties are evaluated Launch of new I product Choice and selection of material by the dentist Critical assessment based on clinical performance I I H feedback to I1. Bacalah teks berikut! Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga warna-warni yang bermekaran. Udara di sekitarnya terasa sejuk karena pepohonan rindang. Banyak kupu-kupu beterbangan di antara bunga. Taman sekolah dibangun pada tahun 2019. Kalimat yang sebaiknya dihapus agar deskripsi lebih fokus adalah ... A. Kalimat 1 B. Kalimat 2 C. Kalimat 3 ✅ D. Kalimat 4 2. Perhatikan tujuan teks deskripsi, yaitu membantu pembaca membayangkan suatu objek atau suasana. Di antara pilihan berikut, kalimat manakah yang paling efektif mencapai tujuan tersebut? A. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat sepi, hanya terdengar suara angin berhembus. ✅ B. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat ramai, penuh dengan suara tawar-menawar dan aroma makanan yang menggugah selera. C. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat kotor, sampah berserakan di mana-mana. D. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat gelap, tidak ada satu pun lampu yang menyala. 3. Bacalah paragraf berikut! Pantai itu memiliki pasir putih yang lembut dan air laut yang jernih. Deburan ombak terdengar menenangkan di sepanjang pesisir. .... Pengunjung dapat menikmati keindahan pantai sambil merasakan semilir angin laut. Kalimat yang tepat untuk melengkapi paragraf tersebut adalah .... A. Pantai tersebut dibuka untuk umum pada tahun 2015. B. Banyak pedagang berjualan di sekitar pantai. ✅ C. Deretan pohon kelapa yang berjajar menambah keindahan pemandangan pantai. D. Pantai itu menjadi tujuan wisata masyarakat setempat. 4. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni tumbuh di sepanjang jalan setapak. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk. Di beberapa sudut taman terdapat bangku yang digunakan siswa untuk membaca dan beristirahat. Berdasarkan isi kutipan tersebut, bagian struktur teks deskripsi yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Identifikasi, karena memperkenalkan objek secara umum. B. Simpulan, karena berisi penegasan akhir. ✅ C. Deskripsi bagian, karena menjelaskan ciri-ciri objek secara rinci. D. Koda, karena berisi pesan penulis. 5. Bacalah paragraf-paragraf berikut! A. Pada hari Minggu, Rina dan keluarganya pergi ke pantai. Mereka bermain pasir dan menikmati suasana pantai hingga sore hari. B. Untuk membuat es teh, siapkan gelas, teh, gula, dan air panas. Setelah itu, seduh teh dan tambahkan gula secukupnya. C. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni bermekaran di setiap sudut taman. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk dan nyaman bagi para siswa. D. Sampah merupakan sisa kegiatan manusia yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu menjaga kebersihan dengan membuang sampah pada tempatnya. Paragraf yang termasuk teks deskripsi adalah .... A. Paragraf A B. Paragraf B ✅ C. Paragraf C D. Paragraf D 6. Perhatikan paragraf berikut! Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat masyarakat Minangkabau yang memiliki bentuk atap menyerupai tanduk kerbau. Untuk mencapai bangunan utama, pengunjung harus melewati halaman yang luas dan bersih. Di sepanjang jalan menuju rumah adat tersebut, tampak taman yang tertata rapi serta pepohonan yang rindang. Suasana sejuk dan nyaman membuat pengunjung betah berada di kawasan itu. Isi paragraf deskripsi di atas adalah .... A. Gambaran bentuk atap Rumah Gadang ✅ B. Gambaran perjalanan dan suasana menuju Rumah Gadang C. Gambaran sejarah Rumah Gadang D. Gambaran kegiatan masyarakat Minangkabau Kunci Jawaban: B 7. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Rumah adat itu memiliki panjang 20 meter dan lebar 10 meter." Teks B "Rumah adat itu tampak megah dengan ukiran berwarna emas dan atap yang menjulang tinggi." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah melihat objek secara langsung, teks yang lebih efektif adalah .... A. Teks A, karena berisi data yang akurat. ✅ B. Teks B, karena menggunakan rincian yang membangun imajinasi pembaca. C. Keduanya sama efektif. D. Keduanya tidak sesuai. 8. Perhatikan susunan paragraf berikut! (1) Dinding museum dihiasi berbagai foto bersejarah dan koleksi benda peninggalan masa lampau. (2) Museum Nasional merupakan salah satu museum terbesar di Indonesia. (3) Ruangan museum tampak bersih, luas, dan tertata rapi. Agar menjadi teks deskripsi yang runtut, urutan yang tepat adalah .... A. (1)-(2)-(3) ✅ B. (2)-(1)-(3) C. (3)-(1)-(2) D. (1)-(3)-(2) 9. "Pembaca diharapkan dapat memahami letak berbagai fasilitas di lingkungan sekolah tanpa harus melihat denah." Jenis deskripsi yang paling tepat digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah .... A. Subjektif, karena dapat menunjukkan kesan penulis terhadap sekolah. B. Objektif, karena menyajikan data tentang sekolah. ✅ C. Spasial, karena menekankan posisi dan hubungan antarlokasi dalam ruang. D. Imajinatif, karena membuat pembaca berimajinasi. 10. Seorang siswa menulis deskripsi berikut. "Perpustakaan sekolah itu bagus. Banyak buku ada di sana." Guru menilai teks tersebut belum mampu menghadirkan gambaran yang kuat kepada pembaca. Perbaikan yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Menambahkan jumlah buku yang tersedia. B. Menambahkan tahun berdirinya perpustakaan. ✅ C. Menggunakan kata sifat dan rincian pancaindra yang memperjelas kondisi perpustakaan. D. Menambahkan nama petugas perpustakaan. Bacalah teks berikut untuk soal nomor 11 - 15! “Perpustakaan sekolah memiliki ruangan yang luas dan bersih. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi di setiap sudut ruangan. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. Suasana yang tenang membuat siswa nyaman membaca." 11. Seorang siswa berpendapat bahwa teks tersebut akan tetap mencapai tujuan deskripsi meskipun kalimat tentang pencahayaan dihilangkan. Pendapat tersebut .... A. Benar, karena pencahayaan tidak berhubungan dengan kenyamanan membaca. B. Benar, karena informasi tentang rak buku sudah cukup menggambarkan perpustakaan. C. Kurang tepat, karena pencahayaan membantu menunjukkan kondisi fisik perpustakaan meskipun bukan unsur utama. ✅ D. Salah, karena tanpa kalimat tersebut teks tidak lagi termasuk teks deskripsi. 12. Penggunaan kata luas, bersih, rapi, terang, dan tenang dalam teks tersebut berfungsi untuk .... A. Menjelaskan urutan kegiatan yang dilakukan di perpustakaan. B. Menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat dalam teks. ✅ C. Membantu pembaca membayangkan kondisi perpustakaan secara lebih jelas. D. Menyampaikan pendapat penulis tentang pentingnya membaca. 13. Jika kalimat "rak-rak buku tersusun rapi" dihilangkan, dampaknya adalah A. Teks menjadi lebih jelas B. Gambaran perpustakaan menjadi kurang lengkap C. Teks berubah menjadi narasi D. Tidak ada perubahan Jawaban: B 14. Berdasarkan isi teks, faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan perpustakaan adalah .... A. Ukuran ruangan yang luas. B. Banyaknya rak buku. C. Jendela yang besar. ✅ D. Kombinasi suasana tenang, pencahayaan yang baik, dan penataan ruang yang rapi 15. Kalimat tambahan yang paling sesuai untuk memperkuat deskripsi perpustakaan adalah A. Banyak siswa meminjam buku B. Perpustakaan memiliki seorang petugas C. Perpustakaan dibuka setiap hari Senin D. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar✅ Jawaban: D 16. Perhatikan kedua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Menurutku, Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat yang paling indah karena bentuk atapnya yang unik dan megah." Teks B "Rumah Gadang memiliki atap berbentuk menyerupai tanduk kerbau dan dinding yang dihiasi ukiran khas Minangkabau." Perbedaan utama kedua kutipan tersebut adalah .... A. Teks A menggunakan fakta, sedangkan Teks B menggunakan pendapat. B. Teks A termasuk deskripsi objektif, sedangkan Teks B deskripsi subjektif. ✅ C. Teks A termasuk deskripsi subjektif karena mengandung pendapat penulis, sedangkan Teks B lebih objektif karena menggambarkan objek berdasarkan ciri yang tampak. D. Kedua teks termasuk deskripsi subjektif. 17. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni." Teks B "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni. Aroma bunga yang harum tercium saat angin bertiup dan udara terasa sejuk di bawah pepohonan rindang." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah hadir di lokasi yang dideskripsikan, alasan paling kuat memilih Teks B adalah .... A. Menggunakan kalimat yang lebih panjang daripada Teks A. B. Menyajikan informasi yang lebih banyak daripada Teks A. C. Memanfaatkan lebih dari satu pancaindra sehingga gambaran objek menjadi lebih hidup. ✅ D. Menggunakan kata sifat yang lebih beragam daripada Teks A. Jebakan: D hampir benar, tetapi yang menjadi inti adalah penggunaan pancaindra. 18. (C4-C5 Analisis) Perhatikan kalimat berikut! "Perpustakaan sekolah nyaman." Manakah informasi yang paling tidak mendukung penguatan deskripsi tersebut? A. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. B. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi dan mudah dijangkau siswa. C. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar. D. Perpustakaan diresmikan oleh kepala sekolah pada tahun 2021. ✅ Jebakan: Semua opsi berupa informasi tentang perpustakaan, tetapi hanya D yang tidak membantu pembaca membayangkan suasana. 19. (C5 Evaluasi) Perhatikan dua kalimat berikut! (1) Kelas itu bersih. (2) Kelas itu tampak bersih dengan lantai mengilap dan meja yang tertata rapi. Jika kalimat (2) diganti menjadi kalimat (1), perubahan yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Informasi utama tetap ada, tetapi kekuatan deskripsi dalam membangun imajinasi pembaca berkurang. ✅ B. Teks menjadi tidak sesuai dengan struktur deskripsi. C. Teks berubah menjadi teks laporan hasil observasi. D. Makna teks menjadi bertentangan dengan tujuan penulis. Jebakan: A dan D terlihat mirip, tetapi D terlalu berlebihan. 20. "Taman sekolah itu dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni yang bermekaran dan pepohonan rindang yang membuat udara terasa sejuk." Jika kata berwarna-warni, bermekaran, dan rindang dihilangkan, dampak yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Struktur teks menjadi tidak lengkap. B. Informasi dalam teks menjadi tidak benar. C. Tujuan teks berubah menjadi teks narasi. ✅ D. Gambaran objek menjadi kurang jelas sehingga pembaca lebih sulit membayangkan suasana taman.8,9,10 - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1i3lugKTBpBxKkvMCzP_G_KpFn0YV6vSE-Skwu5hDqI0/edit?usp=sharing 8/9/2019