9,460,528,400 km, so about 10 trillion km!

Earthquake that occurs after the initial one.

Elevation above sea level.

Soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

The sphere of the Earth that contains all of the air out to space.

Imaginary line that passes through a planet's center about which it rotates

Dark, dense, igneous rock found in the ocean crust.

Theory of the initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe

Star system that contains two stars

The sphere of the Earth that contains all living plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Remains of an extremely massive star pulled into a small volume by the force of gravity

Water that is partly salty and partly fresh

Large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of the magma chamber collapses.

No

The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials

Gases containing chlorine and fluorine.

Type of weathering that breaks down rock through acid or rusting

Volcano with a steep, cone-shaped hill made of ash, cinders, and bombs.

Wispy, feathery clouds made of ice particles that form above 6 km.

Typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time.

Ball of ice and dust whose orbit is a long, narrow ellipse

Pattern of stars in the sky

Great landmass surrounded by oceans

Hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface.

Transfer of heat by movements of a heated fluid.

Plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.

Central part of the sun where fusion occurs

Effect caused by Earth's rotation which makes wind and sea currents in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right; curve to the left in the Southern

Outer layer of the sun's atmosphere

Bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening

Layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface.

Clouds that look like fluffy, rounded piles of cotton.

Large stream of moving water that flows through the ocean

Process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it

Process of obtaining fresh water from salt water

Plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

No

A stock or supply of minerals or natural components that are either replenishable or not.

Shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface.

Partial or total blocking of one object by another

Event that occurs every 2-7 years in the Pacific Ocean where winds shift and push warm water toward South America.

Type of radiation energy that travels through space in the form of waves

Galaxy shaped like a flattened ball, containing only old stars

Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus.

Two days of the year on which neither hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward or away from the sun

Destructive process in which water or wind loosen and carry away fragments of rock

Process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to gas.

Outer layer of the atmosphere; beginning of space.

Break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other.

A circuit that feeds back some of the output to the input of a system.

Point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes earthquakes.

Area where air masses meet and do not mix.

Nuclear reaction that occurs in the core of the sun; changes hydrogen into helium

Giant structure that contains hundreds of billions of stars

Name given to the outer planets

Theory of the solar system in which all of the planets revolve around the Earth.

Scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth.

The sphere of the Earth that contains all layers of rock down through the core.

Type of hot spring in which the water is under pressure and bursts periodically into the air

Huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land

Gradual increase in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere.

Usually light-colored rock that is found in continental crust.

Attractive force between two objects; magnitude depends on their masses and distance between them

Effect by which heat is trapped in the atmosphere by water vapor, CO2, methane, and other gases that form a "blanket" around Earth.

Wall built out from a beach to reduce erosion

Water that fills cracks and pores in underground soil and rock

Elements such as gold or lead that form in the largest of stars

Theory that the sun is in the center and the planets revolve around it

Area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it.

384,000 km

30 Million Degrees!

24 people

150,000,000 km

5 billion years

Diagram relating the temperature and brightness of stars

Measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.

Sphere of Earth's water and ice

The sphere of the Earth that contains all water in oceans, on land, in the air, and underground.

Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands

Red-Shift

Blue-Shift

Tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain motionless.

Radiation with wavelengths just a bit longer than visible light; heat.

Dense sphere of solid iron and nickel in the center of Earth.

Galaxy type that doesn't have a regular shape

Bands of high-speed winds about 10 km above Earth's surface.

Ganymede

Distance from the equator.

Liquid magma that reaches the surface.

Downwind side of mountains.

Distance that light travels in a year

Rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and crust.

Movement of sand along a beach caused by waves coming into shore at an angle

Blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and moon

Molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle

Measurement of an earthquake's strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults.

Area on the HR diagram that runs from the upper left to the lower right and includes more than 90% of stars

Layer of hot, semi-solid material between the crust and core.

Dark flat regions on the moon's surface

Weathering in which rock is physically broken into pieces

Meteoroid that has hit Earth's surface

Chunk of rock or dust in space

Scientist who studies the causes of weather and tries to predict it.

Undersea mountain chain; divergent plate boundary.

Tide with the least difference between low and high tide

Large amount of gas and dust in space

Hypothesis of how stars form along with their solar systems.

Tiny star that remains after a supernova

Fault that occurs on a divergent boundary.

Path of an object as it revolves around another object in space

Layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth.

Form of oxygen that has 3 oxygen atoms; protects us from UV radiation.

Type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.

Name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and drifted apart into continents.

Part of a shadow surrounding the darkest part

Section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere.

Change to the environment that has a negative effect on living things.

Water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail

Amount of force pushing on a surface or area.

Loop of gas that protrudes from the sun's surface, linking parts of sunspot regions

Contracting cloud of gas and dust; the earliest stage of a star's life

Transfer of heat through open space.

What our sun will become in its next stage of life

Rotation that is opposite that of most planets or moons

Fault where the plates are converging.

Movement of an object around another object

Deep valley that forms where two continental plates move apart.

Rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening

Spinning motion of a planet about its axis

Type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side.

Vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.

Device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves.

Volcano with wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions.

The sun, 8 planets, all moons and other objects that revolve around the sun.

Eclipse where sunlight to Earth is blocked by the moon

Two days of the year on which the noon sun is directly overhead at 23.5 degrees north or south.

System that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object.

Galaxy whose arms curve outward in a pinwheel pattern

Tide which has the greatest difference between low and high tide

Second lowest layer of the atmosphere; ozone is located here

Tall, cone-shaped volcano in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other materials.

Clouds that form in layers.

Type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways.

Process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle.

Dark area of gas on the sun that is cooler than surrounding areas

Explosion of a dying giant or supergiant star

Tightness across the surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on each other

Theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.

Average amount of energy of motion in the molecules of a substance.

Inner rocky planets

Daily rise and fall of waters on shores

Type of boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions.

Deep canyon on the ocean floor

Lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere; weather occurs here.

Darkest part of the shadow

All of space and everything in it

Upward flow of cold water from the ocean depths

EM radiation that can be seen with the naked eye

Top of the saturated zone, or depth to the groundwater in an aquifer

Invisible, gaseous form of water.

Movement of energy through a body of water

Horizontal distance between two wave crests

Condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Chemical and physical processes that break down rock

Clusters

A supposition of proposed explanation

New Moon

The moon

Waxing Crescent

Venus

13.7 billion years ago

August 21, 2017

Remaining hot core of a star after its outer layers have expanded and drifted out into space

Side of the mountains that faces the oncoming winds.