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A Föld
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A Föld, a bolygĂł, ahol Ă©lĂŒnk
A földrajzi atlasz
MĂłricz Zsigmond A Nyugat cĂmƱ folyĂłirat egyik szerkesztĆje 1933- ig. UtĂĄna a Kelet NĂ©pe cĂmƱ folyĂłirat szerkesztĆje halĂĄlĂĄig. ElbeszĂ©lĆ technikĂĄjĂĄra jellemzĆ: - a drĂĄmai elemek, a drĂĄmaisĂĄg közĂ©ppontba ĂĄllĂtĂĄsa (jelenetezĂ©s) - szabad fĂŒggĆ beszĂ©d alkalmazĂĄsa - tĂĄrsadalmi, környezeti jellemzĆk megmutatĂĄsa - naturalista ĂĄbrĂĄzolĂĄsmĂłd: - az emberi ĂĄbrĂĄzolĂĄs hitelessĂ©ge( tĂĄjnyelvi) - az ember mint biolĂłgiai szĂŒksĂ©gleteknek alĂĄvetett lĂ©ny ĂĄbrĂĄzolĂĄsa ( Ă©jfĂ©li talĂĄlka) - indulatok Ă©s ösztönök kendĆzetlen megmutatĂĄsa - Ă©lĆbeszĂ©dszerƱ megnyilvĂĄnulĂĄsok - szokatlan tĂ©mĂĄk ( erotika, brutalitĂĄs nyomor erĆszak ) NovellĂĄi TragĂ©dia Korai mƱvei közĂŒl az egyik legnagyobb hatĂĄsĂș novellĂĄja a TragĂ©dia (1909). A cselekmĂ©ny mĂĄsfĂ©l nap esemĂ©nyeit dolgozza föl, közĂ©ppontjĂĄban egyetlen szereplĆvel, Kis JĂĄnossal. Az in medias res felĂŒtĂ©sszerƱ kezdĂ©snek hangulatteremtĆ szerepe van: Ă©letkĂ©pszerƱen mutatja be a mezĆn dolgozĂł emberek ebĂ©d utĂĄni pihenĂ©sĂ©t. A vidĂĄm, trĂ©fĂĄlkozĂł, a következĆ napi lakodalomrĂłl beszĂ©lgetĆ, âizgĆ-mozgĂłâ emberek közĂŒl mintha talĂĄlomra vĂĄlasztanĂĄ ki az elbeszĂ©lĆ az egyiket. A harmadik bekezdĂ©sben az âelbeszĂ©lĆi kamera rĂĄközelĂtâ egyetlen alakra, Kis JĂĄnosra. ElkĂŒlönĂŒl a többiektĆl, rĂĄ nem jellemzĆ mĂĄsok vidĂĄmsĂĄga, jĂłkedve. A âSenki sem törĆdött vele, a tulajdon fia sem.â mondat erre utal, de e mondat kĂ©sĆbbi ismĂ©tlĆdĂ©seinek (âĂszre se vette senkiâ, valamint a zĂĄrĂłmondat: âSenki se vette Ă©szre, hogy eltƱntâŠâ) mĂĄr az a szerepe, hogy egyetlen âjellemvonĂĄsĂĄtâ: jelentĂ©ktelensĂ©gĂ©t, âlĂĄthatatlansĂĄgĂĄtâ nyomatĂ©kosĂtsa. ĂletĂ©nek gĂ©piessĂ©ge azt az Ă©rzetet kelti, hogy csak kĂŒlsĆ megjelenĂ©sĂ©ben ember, inkĂĄbb igavonĂł baromra emlĂ©keztet, mint emberre. Egyetlen nevetĂ©se Ă©s egyszeri jĂłllakĂĄsa viszolyogtatĂł, döbbenetes, mikĂ©nt az is, hogy az evĂ©sen kĂvĂŒl mĂĄs nem Ă©rdekli. âSzeplĆs, mĂĄlĂ©szĂĄjĂșâ fia, aki âijesztĆen hasonlĂtott hozzĂĄâ, nyomorĂșsĂĄgĂĄnak âörököseâ, ami szintĂ©n riasztĂł. Az elbeszĂ©lĆ egyĂ©rtelmƱ szĂĄndĂ©ka a megdöbbentĂ©s, meghökkentĂ©s. NyilvĂĄn a korabeli olvasĂł szĂĄmĂĄra is ismeretlen volt ez a âmĂ©lyvilĂĄgâ, mikĂ©nt a mai szĂĄmĂĄra is az. Az elbeszĂ©lĆ szenvtelen tĂĄrgyilagossĂĄggal tudĂłsĂt. A novella cselekmĂ©nye egyrĂ©szt az idĆ linearitĂĄsĂĄra Ă©pĂŒl (az elsĆ nap ebĂ©didejĂ©tĆl a mĂĄsnap dĂ©lutĂĄni lakodalmi vacsorĂĄig), mĂĄsrĂ©szt a vezĂ©rmotĂvumra, az evĂ©sre. A fĆszereplĆt elĆször ebĂ©dje elfogyasztĂĄsa utĂĄn lĂĄtjuk. Fontos momentum, hogy egy falatot sem hagy fiĂĄnak az âalmĂĄsĂ©telâ-bĆl. EbĂ©d utĂĄni ĂĄlmĂĄban ismĂ©t eszik: finom, lakodalmi Ă©teleket, s Ă©bredĂ©s utĂĄni rosszkedvƱ monologizĂĄlĂĄsĂĄban megprĂłbĂĄlja elkĂ©pzelni, mi lesz a gazda lĂĄnyĂĄnak eskĂŒvĆjĂ©n. ArrĂłl ĂĄbrĂĄndozik, hogy mennyit enne, ha meghĂvnĂĄk, de felidĂ©zĆdik benne egy kellemetlen gyermekkori emlĂ©k (egy lakodalom â tehĂĄt evĂ©s) is. DĂŒhe Ă©s haragja ebben a jelenetben mĂ©g Ă©rthetetlen, tehetetlensĂ©gĂ©ben felrĂșgja az ĂŒres edĂ©nyt. HaragjĂĄt vĂ©gĂŒl a âvĂ©n Sarudyraâ fordĂtja, azĂ©rt dĂŒhöng, mert Ășgy gondolja, nem mehet el a lakodalomra. A kĂ©sleltetett elbeszĂ©lĆi jellemzĂ©sbĆl az is kiderĂŒl, hogy apja halĂĄla is összefĂŒggĂ©sben van az Ć mohĂł Ă©hsĂ©gĂ©vel. PrimitĂvsĂ©ge, nyomora mĂ©g az Ă©telekrĆl valĂł ĂĄlmodozĂĄsĂĄnak is korlĂĄtot szab, ugyanazokat az Ă©telneveket ismĂ©telgeti. A novella fordulĂłpontja a gazda bejelentĂ©se: összes munkĂĄsĂĄt meghĂvja a lakomĂĄra. Az âegyszer laknĂ©k jĂłlâ vĂĄgya ettĆl kezdve realitĂĄssĂĄ vĂĄlik, Kis JĂĄnos szĂĄmĂĄra pedig feladattĂĄ. A szĂłtlanul elfogyasztott âkorpacibereâ utĂĄn nem tud elaludni, gyötrelmes hĂĄnykolĂłdĂĄsĂĄban is csak a feladatra tud koncentrĂĄlni. A kissĂ© homĂĄlyos âfeladatâ mĂĄsnap reggel vĂĄlik Ă©rthetĆvĂ©. Kis JĂĄnos kĂ©ptelen fogadalma (âEgye meg a fene a vĂ©n Sarudyt, ma kieszem a vagyonĂĄbul.â) legalĂĄbb annyira megdöbbentĆ, mint azok a tĂ©nyek, melyek eddig kiderĂŒltek rĂłla. SzĂĄnalmassĂĄga azonban fokozatosan eltƱnik, mĂĄrtĂr-elszĂĄntsĂĄga (nem eszik sem reggel, sem dĂ©lben), szegĂ©nysĂ©ge, nyomora elleni âlĂĄzadĂĄsaâ (hajnali fĂ©lĂĄlmĂĄban âelrĂșgja magĂĄtĂłl a szegĂ©nysĂ©getâ), elkĂ©pesztĆ terve, elszĂĄntsĂĄga szinte naggyĂĄ formĂĄlja ezt a jelentĂ©ktelen embert. A ânaggyĂĄnövelĂ©sâ ĂrĂłi eszköze a novella kezdetĂ©n is alkalmazott filmszerƱ megoldĂĄs. Csak most mintha alsĂł kameraĂĄllĂĄsbĂłl filmeznĂ©k a fĆszereplĆt: Kis JĂĄnos egyedĂŒl, ĂłriĂĄssĂĄ növekedve ĂĄll a vilĂĄggal szemben, megszƱnik körĂŒlötte minden, mĂĄr csak a feladatot lĂĄtja maga elĆtt. MĂ©gis szĂĄnalmas marad, hiszen vĂ©gtelenĂŒl magĂĄnyos, vĂĄllalĂĄsa öncĂ©lĂș Ă©s Ă©rtelmetlen. KĂŒzdelme az Ă©telekkel â a zsĂros hĂșslevessel, a tepertĆs tĂșrĂłs csuszĂĄval, a lencsĂ©vel, majd ĂĄlmai netovĂĄbbjĂĄval, a töltött kĂĄposztĂĄval â valĂłdi Ă©let-halĂĄl kĂŒzdelemmĂ© vĂĄlik, s vĂ©gĂŒl halĂĄlĂĄt okozza az evĂ©s. A rezignĂĄlt zĂĄrĂłmondat csak azt a tĂ©nyt közli, hogy halĂĄlĂĄban Ă©ppĂșgy Ă©szrevĂ©tlen maradt, mint amilyen Ă©letĂ©ben volt. A novella drĂĄmai erejĂ©t, szuggesztivitĂĄsĂĄt az okozza, hogy Kis JĂĄnos olyan alak, akinek jelleme, sorsa, gondolatai mĂĄr szinte valĂłszerƱtlenek. A valĂłsĂĄgos környezet, az elbeszĂ©lĆ tĂĄrgyilagossĂĄga, a fĆszereplĆ nĂ©zĆpontja zavarĂłan hitelessĂ©, hihetĆvĂ© teszi mindezt. Az elbeszĂ©lĆi vĂ©lemĂ©ny hiĂĄnya pedig elgondolkoztatja az olvasĂłt, hisz olyan vilĂĄggal szembesĂŒl, amelyrĆl inkĂĄbb igyekszik nem tudomĂĄst venni. BarbĂĄrok tartalom Egy napon a juhĂĄsz legelteti nyĂĄjĂĄt, ahogy eddig is, egyszer csak elkezd ugatni a puli. KĂ©t juhĂĄsz lĂ©pett oda hozzĂĄ. Az egyik szamĂĄron a mĂĄsik gyalogolt, Ă©s kĂ©t komondor is volt velĂŒk. LeĂŒltek a földre de nem beszĂ©lgettek. MegĂ©rkezett a juhĂĄsz 12 Ă©ves fia is. Az Ășj juhĂĄszok kĂ©rdezĆsködtek a felesĂ©g felĆl, majd a juhĂĄsz szĂjĂĄra esett a szĂł. Meg akarjĂĄk venni tĆle, de Ć nem akarja adni, mert azt magĂĄnak csinĂĄlta. A kĂ©t juhĂĄsz agyonverte a juhĂĄszt Ă©s a fiĂĄt, mĂ©g a pulit is. Gödröt ĂĄstak Ă©s eltemettĂ©k Ćket, majd fogtĂĄk a nyĂĄjat Ă©s elhajtottĂĄk. 10 nap mĂșlva jött a felesĂ©g Ă©s sehol nem talĂĄlta sem a juhĂĄsz, sem a gyereket, sem a pulit, sem a nyĂĄjat. Elindult megkeresni Ćket, amikor juhĂĄszokba botlott. A juhĂĄszok azt hazudjĂĄk, hogy a az urĂĄnak meggyĂŒlt a baja a törvĂ©nnyel ezĂ©rt el kellett mennie. Hogy bizonyĂtsĂĄk itt jĂĄrtĂĄt emlegettĂ©k a szĂjat, mire az asszony buzgĂłn bĂłlogatott, hogy az tĂ©nyleg az ura. Elindult DunĂĄntĂșlra, amerre a juhĂĄszok mondtĂĄk. Tavasszal fogta a puli kölykĂ©t Ă©s kimentek a pusztĂĄra. Egyszer csak a kutya kiĂĄsott egy kalapot. Az asszony rĂĄjött, hogy fĂ©lrevezetĆi öltĂ©k meg az urĂĄt elment tehĂĄt Ćket is megkeresni. KiderĂŒlt, hogy bevittĂ©k Ćket vallatni. HiĂĄba vallattĂĄk a veres juhĂĄszt, nem akarta bevallani, hogy Ć volt. BĂĄrmit bevallott csak ezt nem. A vizsgĂĄlĂłbĂrĂł nagyon mĂ©rges lesz Ă©s elkĂŒldi a juhĂĄszt. Ahogy megy kifele, egyszer csak meglĂĄtta a szĂjat. Megmerevedett, majd lassan megfordult Ă©s beismerte tettĂ©t. 25 bot bĂŒntetĂ©st kapott. A törtĂ©net 3 rĂ©szre tagolĂłdik 1.rĂ©sz: A kettĆs gyilkossĂĄg (birkĂĄkĂ©rt, övĂ©rt) 2. rĂ©sz Az asszony keresi a fĂ©rjĂ©t ( majdnem 1 Ă©v) A puli kölyke segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel megtalĂĄlja a sĂrt 3.rĂ©sz A vizsgĂĄlĂł bĂrĂł kihallgatja a veres juhĂĄszt. TörtĂ©netet összefƱzĆ központi motĂvumok - az öv - a nĂ©phiedelem vilĂĄgbĂłl babonĂĄbĂłl felĂ©pĂtett tĂĄrgy ïȘ az övnekâ lelkeâ van A barbĂĄrsĂĄg ïš Az elmaradottsĂĄg a civilizĂĄciĂłn kĂvĂŒli vilĂĄg A cĂm is az utolsĂł szĂł is ïš BARBĂROK Kire mire vonatkozik, - a brutalitĂĄs jelkĂ©pe ( a gyilkosokra) - a pusztabĂ©li törvĂ©nyek jelkĂ©pe (babonĂĄkra) - minden szereplĆre vonatkozhat mĂĄsmilyen Ă©rtelmekben (vizsgĂĄlĂłbĂrĂłra) Az elbeszĂ©lĂ©s jellegzetessĂ©ge: - nĂ©pnyelvi Ă©s tĂĄjnyelvi szavak hasznĂĄlata ïš Az elbeszĂ©lĂ©smĂłd hitelesĂ©gĂ©t erĆsĂti. Az elbeszĂ©lĂ©snek nincs befejezĂ©se, a vizsgĂĄlĂłbĂrĂł zĂĄrĂłmondata (cĂm!) elgondolkodtatĂł ĂtĂ©let, vĂĄd, de nem megoldĂĄs. Az elbeszĂ©lĆ sem mond vĂ©lemĂ©nyt, mint ahogy az elbeszĂ©lĂ©s sorĂĄn sem fƱz kommentĂĄrt az esemĂ©nyekhez. A pusztai emberek vilĂĄga szembeĂĄllĂthatĂł a civilizĂĄltvilĂĄggal, de szĂĄmos kĂ©rdĂ©s merĂŒlhet föl az olvasĂłban. Ki a hibĂĄs azĂ©rt, hogy ilyen emberek Ă©lnek mĂ©g, mi az oka annak, hogy a vilĂĄgtĂłl elszigetelten Ă©lĆk között ilyen indulatok feszĂŒljenek, hogyan lehetsĂ©ges, hogy pusztĂĄn a szerzĂ©svĂĄgy ilyen aljassĂĄgra kĂ©sztessen embereket? BarbĂĄrsĂĄguk a civilizĂĄltember (vizsgĂĄlĂłbĂrĂł) szempontjĂĄbĂłl igaz, felvetĆdik a tĂĄrsadalmi felelĆssĂ©g kĂ©rdĂ©se is. A veres juhĂĄsz halĂĄlos ĂtĂ©lete, megbotoztatĂĄsa nem oldja meg a törtĂ©nettel pĂ©ldĂĄzott problĂ©mĂĄkat. MĂłricz elbeszĂ©lĂ©se ugyanis nem a törtĂ©nelmi mĂșltbĂłl vett kĂŒlönös törtĂ©net, hanem a kortĂĄrs magyar tĂĄrsadalom vilĂĄgĂĄbĂłl vett tĂ©ma. Az elbeszĂ©lĂ©sben jelentĆs szerepe van az ismĂ©tlĆdĂ©seknek. A puli jelzi a veszĂ©lyt az elsĆ rĂ©szben, majd a puli (kölyke) talĂĄlja meg az elföldelt ĂĄldozatokat a mĂĄsodik rĂ©sz vĂ©gĂ©n. A veres juhĂĄsz ugyanazokat a hazugsĂĄgokat ismĂ©tli a bĂrĂłsĂĄgon, melyekkel Bodri juhĂĄsz felesĂ©gĂ©t is igyekezett fĂ©lrevezetni. A vĂĄndorlĂĄs-keresĂ©s (âmenĂ©sâ) a mĂĄsodik rĂ©sz fĆ motĂvuma, mĂg az elbeszĂ©lĂ©s szimbolikus vezĂ©rmotĂvuma a rĂ©zveretes szĂj. LĂĄtszĂłlag emiatt ölik meg Bodri juhĂĄszt, ezzel hĂșzzĂĄk be tetemĂ©t a gödörbe, errĆl beszĂ©lget a veres juhĂĄsz Bodri juhĂĄsz felesĂ©gĂ©vel (maga hozza szĂłba!), vĂ©gĂŒl ennek lĂĄttĂĄra tesz vallomĂĄst a veres juhĂĄsz.
Title: The Adventures of Max and the Magical Computer (Shortened Version) Once upon a time, in a small town called Techville, there lived a curious fourth-grader named Max. One day, while exploring his grandmaâs attic, he found an old, dusty computer. As he cleaned it, the screen lit up, and a cheerful voice said, âHello, Max! Iâm Compy, your magical computer. Letâs learn about operating systems, files, and folders!â Max was thrilled. âA talking computer? Letâs go!â Chapter 1: The World of Windows Compy explained, âI run on Windows, the brain of the computer. It uses a Graphical User Interface (GUI), so you can interact with me using icons, menus, and buttons. Letâs start by changing my desktop backgroundâthe image on the screen.â Max chose a spaceship picture. âCool! Can I add a screen saver too?â âOf course!â said Compy. âItâs an image that appears when Iâm inactive. Try this swirling galaxy!â Max set the screen saver and giggled as it appeared. âThis is fun!â Chapter 2: Organizing with Folders and Files Compyâs screen filled with random icons. âOh no! My files are a mess. Can you help?â âSure! What are files and folders?â asked Max. âA file is information, like a picture or document. Files have names, like âHomework.docx.â The part after the dot, like .docx, is the file extension. It tells you the file type,â Compy explained. Max pointed to âGame.exe.â âSo, this is a program file?â âYes!â said Compy. âTo organize, we use foldersâlike drawers for files. You can even put folders inside folders!â Max created a âSchoolâ folder, added his homework files, and made a âProjectsâ folder inside it. âNow everythingâs neat!â Chapter 3: The File Explorer Adventure Compyâs screen flickered. âSome files are missing. Letâs use Windows Explorer to find them. Itâs like a map for files and folders.â Max opened Windows Explorer and saw a tree-like list of folders. âThis is like a tree with branches!â âExactly!â said Compy. âSearch for the missing files and move them to the right folders.â Max found the files in âDownloadsâ and moved them. âI feel like a computer detective!â Chapter 4: The Final Challenge Compyâs screen turned into a game board. âTime for a quiz! Whatâs the purpose of an operating system? How do you change the desktop background? Whatâs the difference between a file and a folder?â Max answered all the questions correctly, and fireworks lit up the screen. âCongratulations, Max! Youâre a computer whiz!â The End Max smiled. âThanks, Compy! I canât wait to teach my friends!â Compy replied, âRemember, Max, learning is an adventure. Keep exploring!â As Max turned off the computer, he knew his journey into technology had just begun.
1. What is the Earth's thickest layer? A) Crust C) Outer core B) Mantle D) Inner core 2. What is the condition required for a typhoon to form? A) High vertical wind shear C) Presence of a pre-existing disturbance B) Low sea surface temperatures D) Thick mantle layer 3. A liquid layer that surrounds the inner core. Made up of iron and nickel. A) Outer Core C) Upper Mantle B) Lower Mantle D) Lower Mantle 4. What is the name for a fold that is curved upwards? A) Syncline C) Anticline B) Monocline D) None of the above 5. What is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake? A) Seismograph C) Epicenter B) Seismogram D) Focus 6. Which seismic waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases? A) P waves C) Love waves B) S waves D) Rayleigh waves 7. What term describes the calm center of a typhoon? A) Eyewall C) Tropical storm B) Super typhoon D) Eye 8. What is the Philippine government agency responsible for monitoring and forecasting tropical cyclones? A) PAGASA C) PAR B) PSWS D) NOAA 9. Approximately how many typhoons can enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility per year? A) 10 C) 30 B) 20 D) 40 10. What is the best way to do during an earthquake? A. I will run outside to get away from the shaking. B. I will stay indoors and take cover under a sturdy table or desk. C. I will get under a doorway or in a corner. D. I will stay in my bed and hold on to the headboard.
A solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. Solutions can be mixtures of liquids, solids, or gases. For example, plasma, the liquid part of blood, is a very complex solution. It is composed of many types of ions and large molecules, as well as gases, that are dissolved in water. A solute (SAHL-YOOT) is a substance dissolved in the solvent. The particles that compose a solute may be ions, atoms, or molecules. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. For example, when sugar, a solute, and water, a solvent, are mixed, a solution of sugar water results. Though the sugar dissolves in the water, neither the sugar molecules nor the water molecules are altered chemically. If the water is boiled away, the sugar molecules remain and are unchanged. Solutions can be composed of various proportions of a given solute in a given solvent. Thus, solutions can vary in concentra- tion. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dis- solved in a fixed amount of the solution. For example, a 2 percent saltwater solution contains 2 g of salt dissolved in enough water to make 100 mL of solution. The more solute dissolved, the greater is the concentration of the solution. A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can dissolve. Aqueous (AY-kwee-uhs) solutionsâsolutions in which water is the solventâare universally important to living things. Marine microorganisms spend their lives immersed in the sea, an aqueous solution. Most nutrients that plants need are in aqueous solutions in moist soil. Body cells exist in an aqueous solution of intercellu- lar fluid and are themselves filled with fluid; in fact, most chemical reactions that occur in the body occur in aqueous solutions. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Liquid water Solid water Ice (solid water) is less dense than liquid water because of the structure of ice crystals. The water molecules in ice are bonded to each other in a way that creates large amounts of open space between the molecules, relative to liquid water. FIGURE 2-12 solvent from the Latin solvere, meaning âto loosenâ Word Roots and Origins CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 43 ACIDS AND BASES One of the most important aspects of a living system is the degree of its acidity or alkalinity. What do we mean when we use the terms acid and base? Ionization of Water As water molecules move about, they bump into one another. Some of these collisions are strong enough to result in a chemical change: one water molecule loses a proton (a hydrogen nucleus), and the other gains this proton. This reaction really occurs in two steps. First, one molecule of water pulls apart another water molecule, or dissociates, into two ions of opposite charge: H2O â H OH The OH ion is known as the hydroxide ion. The free H ion can react with another water molecule, as shown in the equation below. H H2O â H3O The H3O ion is known as the hydronium ion. Acidity or alkalin- ity is a measure of the relative amounts of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions dissolved in a solution. If the number of hydronium ions in a solution equals the number of hydroxide ions, the solution is said to be neutral. Pure water contains equal numbers of hydro- nium ions and hydroxide ions and is therefore a neutral solution. Acids If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions, the solution is an acid. For example, when hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, is dissolved in water, its mol- ecules dissociate to form hydrogen ions, H, and chloride ions, Cl, as is shown in the equation below. HCl â H Cl These free hydrogen ions combine with water molecules to form hydronium ions, H3O. This aqueous solution contains many more hydronium ions than it does hydroxide ions, making it an acidic solution. Acids tend to have a sour taste; how- ever, never taste a substance to test it for acidity. In concentrated forms, they are highly corrosive to some materials, as you can see in Figure 2-13. Bases If sodium hydroxide, NaOH, a solid, is dissolved in water, it dissociates to form sodium ions, Na, and hydroxide ions, OH, as shown in the equation below. NaOH â Na OH Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Eco Connection onnection Acid Precipitation Acid precipitation, more commonly called acid rain, describes rain, snow, sleet, or fog that contains high levels of sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids form when sulfur dioxide gas, SO2, and nitrogen oxide gas, NO, react with water in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and nitric acid, HNO3. Acid precipitation makes soil and bodies of water, such as lakes, more acidic than normal. These high acid levels can harm plant and animal life directly. A high level of acid in a lake may kill mollusks, fish, and amphibians. Even in a lake that does not have a very elevated level of acid, acid precipitation may leach aluminum and magnesium from soils, poisoning water- dwelling species. Reducing fossil-fuel consump- tion, such as occurs in gasoline engines and coal-burning power plants, should reduce high acid levels in precipitation. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, which is produced when fossil fuels are burned, reacts with water in the atmosphere to produce acid precipitation. Acid precipitation, or acid rain, can make lakes and rivers too acidic to support life and can even corrode stone, such as the face of this statue. FIGURE 2-13 44 CHAPTER 2 This solution then contains more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions and is therefore defined as a base. The adjective alkaline refers to bases. Bases have a bitter taste; however, never taste a substance to test for alkalinity. They tend to feel slippery because the OH ions react with the oil on our skin to form a soap. In fact, commercial soap is the product of a reaction between a base and a fat. pH Scientists have developed a scale for comparing the relative con- centrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution. This scale is called the pH scale, and it ranges from 0 to 14, as shown in Figure 2-14. A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic, a solution with a pH of 7 is neutral, and a solution with a pH of 14 is very basic. A solutionâs pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. That is, the change of one pH unit reflects a 10-fold change in the acidity or alkalinity. For example, urine has 10 times the H3O ions at a pH of 6 than water does at a pH of 7. Vinegar, has 1,000 times more H3O ions at a pH of 3 than urine at a pH of 6, and 10,000 times more H3O ions than water at a pH of 7. The pH of a solution can be measured with litmus paper or with some other chemical indicator that changes color at various pH levels. Buffers The control of pH is important for living systems. Enzymes can function only within a very narrow pH range. The control of pH in organisms is often accomplished with buffers. Buffers are chemi- cal substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution. As Figure 2-14 shows, the composition of your internal environmentâin terms of acidity and alkalinityâ varies greatly. Some of your body fluids, such as stomach acid and urine, are acidic. Others, such as intestinal fluid and blood, are
Area The amount of space inside a shape. We found the area of the rectangle. éąç§Ż Volume The amount of space something takes up. The box has a volume of 12 cubic meters. äœç§Ż Surface area The total area of all sides of a 3D shape. We calculated the surface area of the cube. èĄšéąç§Ż Coordinates Numbers that show a pointâs location on a graph. The coordinates of the point are (2,3). ćæ Polygon A flat shape with straight sides. A triangle is a polygon. ć€èŸčćœą Prism A solid shape with two identical ends. We studied a rectangular prism in math class. æŁ±æ± Net (geometry) A flat pattern that can be folded into a 3D shape. We made a cube from its net. ć±ćŒćŸ Data Information or numbers collected for study. We used data from our survey. æ°æź Representatio n A way to show something, like a graph or chart. The graph is a visual representation of data. èĄšç€șïŒćŸ ç€ș Model Something used to show or explain an idea. We built a model of a volcano.
Earlier in 2019 there was a lot of femicide uh girls being killed by their boyfriends because they did one or two things there are also cultures of if there is violence in terms of a marital relationship that that is fine if there's a marital rape that that is fine so you find such situations being normalized and it being also a taboo to speak about those issues the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is grounded in respect for human rights and the power of people to change the world every individual on the planet has the right to health and well-being in all aspects of their sexuality their body and their reproductive choices ensuring these rights is integral to addressing poverty education violence against women and gender equality sexual and reproductive health rights are agreed in international law they were fought for by courageous women's rights activists and advocates across a broad range of professional fields and frontline experiences by movements of all ages levels and backgrounds they are still being fought for while progress has been made globally many barriers remain especially for those most marginalized excluded or discriminated against human rights are central to delivering the 17 sustainable development goals in the sustainable development agenda indeed each sdg target is simultaneously a metric and a claim for human rights the interplay between these political commitments and human rights obligations is particularly important when it comes to achieving sexual and reproductive health rights for decades human rights-based tactics have been used to drive progress in this episode of right to a better world experts share challenges they have faced and tactics they have used to address them the challenges they describe occur in settings all around the world the strategies used are ones that they have found to be successful in their own settings viewers are encouraged to learn from these experiences and consider how tactics could be adapted to their own context when sexual and reproductive health begins with equality the discussions decisions programs and policies which follow can build towards a future where every individual is not only born free but lives free and equal in dignity and rights without violence or discrimination the time to take action is now violence against women is any act that results in or is likely to result in physical sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women this includes threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life it happens everywhere in every country in the home in communities at work and at school crises including health and humanitarian crises frequently contribute to higher rates of violence against women violence against women is directed at women because of their status as women the consequences are dire jeopardizing women's health including sexual and reproductive health and mental health hampering their ability to participate fully in society causing tremendous physical and psychological suffering for both women and their children the majority of women survivors of violence do not disclose or seek any type of services efforts to address violence against women must recognize the many different contexts in which it occurs and the many different forms it can take the majority of violence against women is committed by an intimate partner her current or previous boyfriend or husband globally around 30 of women have experienced physical and or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime this increases the risk of acquiring an sti or in some regions hiv by 1.5 fold when a woman is experiencing violence especially from her partner she's really unable to keep safe from hiv men have power to decide how when and where sex should be done and the woman is at risk of being infected because she cannot say no schools are another setting where violence against girls can take place assault and harassment during their commute bullying sexual harassment and mental or physical abuse on school property are all challenges across various country contexts this has a direct impact on girls access to inclusive quality education a target of sdg4 and an indirect impact on many of their other human rights young girls are taking advantage of at a very young age and they do not understand the choices and the avenues whereby they can exercise their rights when it comes to sexual productive health and rights and so you find a lot of dropouts and a lot of girls also going through a lot of traumatic experiences that would be avoided if they had guidance promoting a safe and secure working environment for all is a cornerstone of sdg 8. this includes a workplace free from sexual harassment and violence but for many women especially women migrant workers and others in precarious employment this is far from reality so we went to naivasha which is a flower farm and we've met the informal workers the casual liberals working for the flower farms when for example the sexual violence cases are reported companies don't take them very seriously a wide range of tactics have been used to prevent and address violence against women and girls and to recognize it as a fundamental violation of human rights prevention of intimate partner violence is possible when interventions are informed by evidence of what works we started out by describing the problem we've now moved to research on what works what are the kinds of interventions that are successful both for preventing the problem from happening in the first place and also from interventions to respond the respect women framework on preventing violence against women developed by the who un women ohchr and other international agencies promotes seven strategies which focus on relationship skills strengthening empowerment of women services for health justice police and social sector poverty reduction environments made safer including schools workplaces and public spaces child and adolescence abuse prevented and transformation of gender attitudes beliefs and norms this action-oriented framework can enable policy makers and health implementers to design plan implement monitor and evaluate interventions and programs to prevent violence against women we have come a long way for sure we still have some ways to go and we need to do more to stop this violence from happening in the first place this involves addressing the social norms that still prevail in many settings that make this form of violence acceptable women are not exposed to gender-based violence by accident all because of an inbuilt vulnerability violence against women is rooted in discriminatory social norms and power dynamics dismantling these underlying causes of violence against women and girls is at the heart of achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls as set out in the targets and indicators of sdg 5 ensuring healthy lives in sdg3 and reducing inequalities in sdg 10. women and men are valued differently society has heap privileges on the men while the women are looked at as subordinate power is not only the problem but also the solution to preventing violence against women we are making it personal everyone connects with power every day people living with power or grappling with power they find themselves within this whole conversation if you're working to create gnome change there has to be change at all levels strategies to raise awareness in communities about violence against women and girls are critical as there is still a lot of stigma and shame which inhibits many women and girls from talking about it intervention is like a big complicated word sometimes it's just about talking about dialogue i mean the fact that we went into schools and just began a conversation with parents um bringing them together in the school along with the school personnel and then having the conversation start from there and we also sort of train providers within schools to appropriately refer children to health facilities for care what we found was that this dialogue began to spark other conversations in the community and i guess they just felt that oh it's actually okay to talk about this openly rather than pretend that nothing is going on sassa is a community mobilization approach to prevent violence against women and hiv and aids it is activist led it's not workshop heavy based it comes away from the traditional programming of organizations going to do things themselves instead they support activists who do the activities with their friends and neighbors health systems play a critical role in responding to violence wherever it occurs supporting health workers to respond appropriately to violence as well as ensuring their work environment enables them to provide safe effective and quality survivor centred care are important strategies for better addressing violence against women and girls um we came to learn not to ask direct questions not to give our opinion or our judgment on them and let her speak and once with that flow starts once that connection is established that doctor-patient relationship emotionally is established she will actually tell you the whole history legal frameworks to promote enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are an important sdg 5 indicator but putting laws in place does not automatically make them effective there are existing protections for women in the workplace or for individuals in the workplace in relation to harassment but we know from our call for evidence that they are not actually addressing the problem the recommendations that we developed included government implementing a mandatory duty for employers to take preventative steps to address harassment in the workplace so what we would like to see is government implement a much stronger legislative duty it has taken decades of struggle by the women's rights movement to persuade the international community to view violence against women as a human rights concern and a sustainable development priority not a private matter governments have obligations to respect protect and fulfill the right to a life free of violence and to provide for sanctions when they fail when seeking accountability the priority consideration must always be the safety and well-being of survivors respecting their wishes and autonomy and supporting them to make informed choices about the type of justice they want context is vitally important there are many strategies to hold perpetrators accountable including strategic litigation and public campaigns when the teachers impregnate the girls that means the system has failed and okay what they do is they blacklist the teachers and they are always removed from the payroll but we think that is not enough the case that was quite interesting is where one of the judges she did find a ruling against the teacher service commission the commission that is responsible for hiring teachers asking them that they must take responsibility and they were ordered to pay compensation to the girls who had gotten pregnant while in school the justice police issue came about a few years back when a young girl was raped and the punishment for her being ripped was that harappa she was gang-ripped and therapists were told to slash grass feminist organizations and young women organizations came back to the police and the police commissioner to ask and request that the people who are found to be perpetrators should be punished according to our constitution and according to the laws of the land and those are very big campaigns to get better justice so consequently they were jailed but also it was a sign that the system the police system had to be checked in terms of when someone reports a case any case of violence what happens and how is it followed through the maria pedra is another example of litigation that became a political mobilizer so this was a case from the inter-american commission that really galvanized a change in public policy a huge change because it was a case that addressed gender-based violence intimate partner violence it called on responsibility of brazil also for not having prevented this kind of violence the reality of a case that says you have the right to not be bruised you have the right to be free of physical psychological violence it's powerful it can change women's lives investing in autonomous women's movements has been one of the most important drivers of changes in laws and policies to address violence against women over the past 40 years according to data from over 70 countries women organizing to advance women's status define the very concept of violence against women raised awareness of the issue and put it on national and global policy agendas often we thought that it takes generations or centuries to change working intensely with the communities we can actually see change coming violence against women and girls is a violation of fundamental human rights to life and to physical and psychological integrity not to be tortured or treated in an inhuman and degrading way to respect for private and family life and the right not to be discriminated against this understanding is more than theoretical human rights-based tactics can offer a practical route to addressing systemic challenges across all the circumstances where violence against women and girls occurs including but not limited to at the hands of their partners at school and in the workplace by using evidence-informed prevention strategies addressing power relations and social norms community mobilizing and dialogue supporting health systems and professionals putting in place strong legal frameworks accessing justice and ending impunity feminist organizing and mobilizing every individual can help to deliver the 2030 agenda for sustainable development building a world in which women and girls are free from all forms of violence and discrimination [Music] you