Name the process shown :

Measuring oil pump body clearance

Measuring relief valve clearance

Measuring engine valve clearance

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One of the worst things about living in a city is the high cost of living. Pros and Cons of Living in a City Living in a city offers numerous advantages, but it also comes with its own set of drawbacks. Here are the pros and cons of living in a city: Pros: Job Opportunities: Cities are often hubs for various industries and businesses, providing a wide array of job opportunities across different sectors. This can lead to better career prospects and higher earning potential for residents. Cultural Diversity: Cities are melting pots of different cultures, traditions, and lifestyles. This diversity enriches the social fabric of the city, offering exposure to various cuisines, arts, festivals, and languages. Access to Amenities: Cities typically offer an abundance of amenities such as restaurants, shopping centers, entertainment venues, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and public services. Residents have easy access to these conveniences. Public Transportation: Many cities have well-developed public transportation systems, including buses, subways, trains, and trams. This can make commuting more convenient and reduce the need for personal vehicles. Entertainment and Recreation: Cities are known for their vibrant nightlife, cultural events, museums, theaters, sports venues, and recreational spaces. Residents can enjoy a wide range of entertainment options. Educational Opportunities: Cities often boast prestigious universities, colleges, and research institutions. This provides residents with access to quality education and lifelong learning opportunities. Healthcare Facilities: Major cities tend to have top-tier medical facilities and specialized healthcare services, ensuring that residents have access to advanced healthcare resources. Cons: Cost of Living: Cities are often associated with a higher cost of living due to expensive housing, transportation expenses, dining out costs, and other daily expenses. Noise and Pollution: Urban areas can be noisy and polluted due to heavy traffic, industrial activities, construction projects, and densely populated neighborhoods. Crowded Environment: Cities are densely populated, leading to crowded streets, public spaces, and public transportation systems. This can result in congestion and longer commute times. Limited Green Spaces: While cities offer many amenities, they may lack sufficient green spaces such as parks or gardens for residents to relax and connect with nature. Stressful Lifestyle: The fast-paced lifestyle in cities can contribute to higher stress levels for some individuals due to demanding work environments and busy schedules. Security Concerns: Certain urban areas may face higher crime rates compared to rural or suburban areas, leading to concerns about safety and security. Traffic Congestion: Heavy traffic congestion is a common issue in cities, leading to longer commute times and frustration for residents who rely on personal vehicles or public transportation. In conclusion, living in a city presents both advantages and disadvantages that individuals should carefully consider based on their lifestyle preferences and priorities.

Do you know where do the things around us get the energy they are using? How about you? Where do you get the energy you need to do your daily activities? Do you remember what we have discussed in Unit 4? Very good! OBJECTIVES: - Names the sources of energy. - Classifies the different sources of energy. SCIENCE 2 – MODULE 6 SEIBO COLLEGE 4 Energy allows us and all the things around us to move, work and become useful. Different things use different sources of energy. Let us find out what are these sources. Let us begin with the major source of energy, the sun. Sun The sun is most important and the main source of energy on earth. It makes the day hot, dry and bright. It can also help in… a. drying our clothes b. growing of plants Do you know that the sun is a star? Yes, the reason why we could see it during day time is that it is the nearest star to our planet. Electricity Electricity allows electrical appliance work. SCIENCE 2 – MODULE 6 SEIBO COLLEGE 5 Fuel Fuel makes different kinds of vehicles move. We use different kinds of vehicles to transport us from one place to another place. Food Like what we have discussed in unit 4, we get the energy we need to do our daily activities from the food we eat.

The Invention of the Automobile An automobile, or car, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own motor and transports passengers. The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. In 1769, the French engineer Nicolas-Joseph Cagnon devised the first self-propelled road vehicle, a military tractor powered by a steam engine. One year later, Cagnon built a steam-driven tricycle that could carry four passengers, but steam engines were very heavy and they proved a poor design for road vehicles. Around 1830, the Scotsman Robert Anderson built the first electric carriage. Both steam and electric road vehicles were soon abandoned in favour of petrol-powered vehicles. In 1876, Nicolaus August Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine. In an internal combustion engine, the fuel is burnt inside the engine, while in a steam engine, the fuel is burnt outside. The most common internal combustion engine type is petrol-powered. The first petrol-powered vehicles were developed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz. In 1885, Karl Benz designed the first three-wheeler powered by an internal combustion engine. In 1891, Benz built the first four-wheeler. The first automobile to be mass-produced in the USA was the 1901 curved-dashed Oldsmobile built by Ransom L.E. Odds. Odds devised the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit-area automobile industry. Henry Ford installed the first conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory in Michigan in 1913. The assembly line reduced production costs for cars by reducing assembling time. Ford's famous Model T was assembled in 93 minutes. The Ford Motor Company was launched in 1903, and by 1927, 15 million Model Ts have been manufactured. The modern era of automobiles had begun. The assembly line During the period known as the Industrial Revolution (1760-1850) machines changed people’s lives as well as their methods of manufacturing. Most products people in the industrialized nations use today are manufactured by the process of mass production, that is by people and robots that use power-driven machines. Through the use of mass pro-duction methods and the assembly line, a larger amount of goods can be produced in a given period of time, usually at a lower cost.The assembly line developed at the Ford Motor Com-pany in 1913 had immense influence on the automo-tive industry and on other industrial branches. Henry Ford, founder of the company, had built his first car in 1896 and was unique among automobile inventors. In Ford’s early assembly line, cars were pulled by rope from one worker to the next. This new technique allowed individual workers to stay in one place and perform the same task repeatedly on vehi-cles as they passed by. This reduced production timeby about one-half. Ford later employed the use of conveyor belts to move the parts down the line.

A ______________ is the smallest military unit, typically consisting of 3-5 soldiers and working closely within a tactical operation. A ______________ consists of 8-12 soldiers and is led by a squad leader. A ______________, typically consisting of 30-50 soldiers, is commanded by a lieutenant and subdivided into smaller squads. The ______________ is a company-level unit of about 100-200 soldiers, typically commanded by a captain. A ______________ is made up of several companies, usually commanded by a lieutenant colonel, and consists of 300-1,000 soldiers. A ______________ typically consists of 3-5 battalions, is commanded by a colonel, and can operate independently in large-scale operations. A ______________ is made up of several brigades and is commanded by a major general, usually numbering 10,000-20,000 soldiers. A ______________ is a larger military formation made up of multiple divisions, commanded by a lieutenant general. The term ______________ refers to units designed for direct engagement with enemy forces, such as infantry, armor, and artillery. ______________ is a branch specializing in close-combat tactics and foot soldiers, serving as the backbone of ground forces. ______________ units provide long-range firepower to support ground forces, using cannons, howitzers, and rocket systems. ______________ are specialized units equipped with tanks and other armored vehicles for breakthrough and exploitation missions. The ______________ is responsible for building infrastructure like bridges, roads, and fortifications in combat and non-combat settings. The ______________ provides protection against nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons on the battlefield. ______________ are elite units trained for unconventional warfare, counter-terrorism, and specialized missions. ______________ are responsible for maintaining law and order within military ranks and ensuring security in both combat zones and bases. ______________ provide medical care to soldiers, ensuring health and emergency treatment in battlefield conditions.

Chapter One: Management Today The challenges of working in the new economy recognize: 1.1 Working Today Talent Talented people- What they know, what they learn and what they can achive The source of organisational performance Develop skills and improve What is intellectual capital The combined brain power and shared knowledge of an organization's employees TO orginzations: Intellectual capital resents a strategic asset as human creativity, insight and decision making can be converted into superior performance To individuals: Intellectual capital is a personal asset, one to be nurtured and continually updated Things evolve, make sure we keep updated Intellectual capital: The package on intellect skills and capabilities that set us apart making us valable to potential employers Maintaining your talent: There is no escaping the fact that your career success will require a lot of initiative, self awareness and continuous learning Technology Tech is in our everyday lives Latest developments Smart phone, smart apparel, smart cars, smart homes We struggle to keep up with social media ana staying connected with messaging, full of email and voicemail What happenings as younger workers advance into management Flexibility Work ethic It is critical to build and maintain a high Tech IQ! What is Tech IQ: The ability to use current technologies at work and in your personal life, combined with the commitment to keep yourself updated as technology continues to evolve Intellectual capi5la is a combination of: Commitment x Competency = Intellectual capital How to make the world a better place Globalisation The worldwide interdependence of resources flows, product markets and business competition Under the influence, government leaders worry and about the competitiveness of nations just as corporate leaders worry about business competitiveness Emerging markets will power global growth over the next 20 years. By 2025 overall global consumption is forecast to reach $62 trillion, twice its 2013 level and fully half of this increase will come from the emerging world Consequence: Going to fast in uses resources, inflation, corporate greed It's cheaper to have things made in different countries (wages are low and going down) Shamrock organization 1 leaf - full time employees- standard career paths 2 leaf - “freelancers” 3 leaf - Part times without benefits (first to lose their jobs when employers face economic difficulties) The rising of emerging markets Now account for 60% of all low and medium technology manufacturing worldwide Total value add in high tech manufacturing from a low 26% in the 1970s to 48% at present China strategy to upgrade its industries and move the manufacturing value ching by prioritising 10 sectors Information technology, robotic, aerospace, maritime equipment, modern railway equipment, alternative energy vehicles, power equipment, agriculture equipment, advanced materials, biopharma and medical products Ethics A code of moral principa;s that sets standards for conduct that is “good” and “right” as well as “bad” and “wrong” Enron company huge corruption even in elections same thing happened with The Mechanism 1.2 - Organizations Organizational Purpose An orgnizations is a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose Unique social phenomenon that enables its members to perform tasks far beyond the reach of individual accomplishment (synergy) The broad purpose of any orginzation is to provide goods or services of value to customers and clients A clear sense of purpose tied to: Quality of products and services Customer satisfaction Social responsibility Can be an important source of organisational strength and performance advantage All organisations are open systems (Systems that interact with its environment for renewal and growth) Organizations as systems All organizations are open systems that interact with their environment Continual process of obtaining resource inputs-people, information, resources and capital- and transforming them into outputs in the form of finished goods and services for customers One simple way to assess the impact of any organisation is to ask the question: How is the world different because it existed Value Creation: Organisations create value when they use resources well to produce good products and take care of their customers One simple way to assess the impact of any organization is to ask the questions: How is the world different because it existed? The 3 Ps of organizational performance Profit - is the decision economically sound? People - Does the decision treat people with respect and dignity? Planet - Is the decision good for the environment? Productivity: An overall measure of the quantity and quality of work performance with recourse utilisation taken into account Performance effectiveness: An output measure of task or goal accomplishment Performance efficiency: An input measure of the resource costs associated with goal accomplishment. Workplace changes that impact management Focus on valuing human capital Demise of “Command and control” Emphasis on teamwork Pre-eminence of technology New workforce expectations Importance of networking Concern for sustainability 1.3 Managers Importance of human resources and manger People are not ‘costs to be controlled’ High performing organizations treat people as valuable strategic assets Three takeaways 1. Give leaders broad authority 2. Encourage them to think like CEO 3. Challenge strong performers ealy with big opportunities Direct support, supervise and help activate the work efforts of others The people who managers help are the ones whose contributions represent the real work of the organisation Types of managers Line managers are responsible for work activities that directly affect organization’s output Staff managers use technical expertise to advise and support the efforts of line workers Functional managers are responsible for a single area of activity Quality of work life (QWL) An indicator of the overall quality of human experiences in the workplace QWL Indicators Respect Fair pay Safe working conditions Opportunities to learn and use new skills Room to grow and progress in a career Protection of individuals rights The organization as an upside-down pyramid A manager’s job is to support worker’s efforts The best managers are known for helping and supporting Customers at the top served by worker who are supported by managers 1.4 The management Process Managers achieve high performance for their organizations by best utilizing its humans and material resources Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals All managers are responsible for the four functions The functions are carried on continually Characteristics of managerial work Long hours Intense pace Fragmented and varied tasks Many communication media Filled with interpersonal relationships Managerial agendas and networks Agenda setting Develops action priorities for accomplishing goals and plans Networking Process of building and maintaining positive relationships with people who can help advance agendas Social Capital Capacity to attract support and help from others Learning The change in a behaviour that results from experience Lifelong learning The process of continuously learning from daily experiences and opportunities

The challenges of working in the new economy recognize: 1.1 Working Today Talent Talented people- What they know, what they learn and what they can achive The source of organisational performance Develop skills and improve What is intellectual capital The combined brain power and shared knowledge of an organization's employees TO orginzations: Intellectual capital resents a strategic asset as human creativity, insight and decision making can be converted into superior performance To individuals: Intellectual capital is a personal asset, one to be nurtured and continually updated Things evolve, make sure we keep updated Intellectual capital: The package on intellect skills and capabilities that set us apart making us valable to potential employers Maintaining your talent: There is no escaping the fact that your career success will require a lot of initiative, self awareness and continuous learning Technology Tech is in our everyday lives Latest developments Smart phone, smart apparel, smart cars, smart homes We struggle to keep up with social media ana staying connected with messaging, full of email and voicemail What happenings as younger workers advance into management Flexibility Work ethic It is critical to build and maintain a high Tech IQ! What is Tech IQ: The ability to use current technologies at work and in your personal life, combined with the commitment to keep yourself updated as technology continues to evolve Intellectual capi5la is a combination of: Commitment x Competency = Intellectual capital How to make the world a better place Globalisation The worldwide interdependence of resources flows, product markets and business competition Under the influence, government leaders worry and about the competitiveness of nations just as corporate leaders worry about business competitiveness Emerging markets will power global growth over the next 20 years. By 2025 overall global consumption is forecast to reach $62 trillion, twice its 2013 level and fully half of this increase will come from the emerging world Consequence: Going to fast in uses resources, inflation, corporate greed It's cheaper to have things made in different countries (wages are low and going down) Shamrock organization 1 leaf - full time employees- standard career paths 2 leaf - “freelancers” 3 leaf - Part times without benefits (first to lose their jobs when employers face economic difficulties) The rising of emerging markets Now account for 60% of all low and medium technology manufacturing worldwide Total value add in high tech manufacturing from a low 26% in the 1970s to 48% at present China strategy to upgrade its industries and move the manufacturing value ching by prioritising 10 sectors Information technology, robotic, aerospace, maritime equipment, modern railway equipment, alternative energy vehicles, power equipment, agriculture equipment, advanced materials, biopharma and medical products Ethics A code of moral principa;s that sets standards for conduct that is “good” and “right” as well as “bad” and “wrong” Enron company huge corruption even in elections same thing happened with The Mechanism 1.2 - Organizations Organizational Purpose An orgnizations is a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose Unique social phenomenon that enables its members to perform tasks far beyond the reach of individual accomplishment (synergy) The broad purpose of any orginzation is to provide goods or services of value to customers and clients A clear sense of purpose tied to: Quality of products and services Customer satisfaction Social responsibility Can be an important source of organisational strength and performance advantage All organisations are open systems (Systems that interact with its environment for renewal and growth) Organizations as systems All organizations are open systems that interact with their environment Continual process of obtaining resource inputs-people, information, resources and capital- and transforming them into outputs in the form of finished goods and services for customers One simple way to assess the impact of any organisation is to ask the question: How is the world different because it existed Michal Porter - Value Chain Value Creation: Organisations create value when they use resources well to produce good products and take care of their customers One simple way to assess the impact of any organization is to ask the questions: How is the world different because it existed? Triple Bottom Line The 3 Ps of organizational performance Profit - is the decision economically sound? People - Does the decision treat people with respect and dignity? Planet - Is the decision good for the environment? Organizational Performance Productivity: An overall measure of the quantity and quality of work performance with recourse utilisation taken into account Performance effectiveness: An output measure of task or goal accomplishment Performance efficiency: An input measure of the resource costs associated with goal accomplishment. Workplace changes that impact management Focus on valuing human capital Demise of “Command and control” Emphasis on teamwork Pre-eminence of technology New workforce expectations Importance of networking Concern for sustainability 1.3 Managers Importance of human resources and manger People are not ‘costs to be controlled’ High performing organizations treat people as valuable strategic assets Three takeaways 1. Give leaders broad authority 2. Encourage them to think like CEO 3. Challenge strong performers easily with big opportunities Direct support, supervise and help activate the work efforts of others The people who managers help are the ones whose contributions represent the real work of the organisation Levels of management Types of managers Line managers are responsible for work activities that directly affect organization’s output Staff managers use technical expertise to advise and support the efforts of line workers Functional managers are responsible for a single area of activity Quality of work life (QWL) An indicator of the overall quality of human experiences in the workplace QWL Indicators Respect Fair pay Safe working conditions Opportunities to learn and use new skills Room to grow and progress in a career Protection of individuals rights The organization as an upside-down pyramid A manager’s job is to support worker’s efforts The best managers are known for helping and supporting Customers at the top served by worker who are supported by managers 1.4 The management Process Managers achieve high performance for their organizations by best utilizing its humans and material resources Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals All managers are responsible for the four functions The functions are carried on continually Four functions: Planning,organizing, leading and controlling Mintzberg’s 10 Managerial Roles Characteristics of managerial work Long hours Intense pace Fragmented and varied tasks Many communication media Filled with interpersonal relationships Managerial agendas and networks Agenda setting Develops action priorities for accomplishing goals and plans Networking Process of building and maintaining positive relationships with people who can help advance agendas Social Capital Capacity to attract support and help from others Learning The change in a behaviour that results from experience Lifelong learning The process of continuously learning from daily experiences and opportunities Katz’ Essential Managerial Skills

History of policing Pre-confederation Mostly informal policing by community residents First police officers Quebec city, mid 17th century Upper Canada, early 19th century Mandate Police conflicts between ethinc groups and employes/labours Maintain moral standards (drunkenness, alcoholism) Apprehend criminals Provincal Police Force Response to disorder resulting form gold strikes in 19th century Replaced by RCMP during 20th century Currently, Ontario,Quebec and parts of Newfoundland have their own provincal police force History of RCMP North-Wesr Mounted Police Founded in 1873 Maintain law and order Ensure orderly settlement in prairies Many problems: desertion, resignation and improper conduct Replaced by Royal Canadain Mounted Police Police Today About 70,000 police officers across Canada 199 police officers per 100,000 population Lower than Scotland (337), England(244), U.S (238) NUmber increased over past decade NUmber of female officers increased 1 out of 5 officers is a women Contemporary Policing Structure of policing Four levels Federal, Provincial, municipal, and First nations Also public transportation police (railway, airport, and transit) Some municipalities have own forces E.g, Peel, Toronoto Others use provincial force detachments or RCMP detachments Royal Candanin Mounted Police Governed by Royal Canadian Mounted Pollcei Act (1985) Broad Range of policing activities, including federal policing and international peacekeppiong Contract Policing Provincial, territorial and municipal level Concerns about local oversight and accountability In but not of communities-difficult to ensure that RCMp detachments are responsive to communities Provincial Police Three forces Ontario Provincial Police Surete du Quebec (SQ) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) Other provinces contractually use the RCMP Responsibilities Police rural areas and areas outside municipalities Enforce provincial laws and Criminal Code Regional Police Amalgamated Forces E.g Peel region police and Halton Regional Police Force Provide Police Services to over Half of Ontarians Advantages Cheaper, more servies Disadvantages To centralized, not in touch with community Municipal Police Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, Provincal Statues, municipal by laws, some federal statues (e.g drugs) Largest number of officers of any level My be contracted to RCMP or Provincal force Costs are paid by the municipality First Nations Type of policing is negotiated by First Nations Commnity Autonomous reserve based First Nations Officers from RCMP or OPP Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, federal and provicanl statues, band bylaws Accountability Reserve based police commission or band council Private Security Services Two main types 1. Private Security Firms 2. Company based, in house security officers No more legal authority than ordinary citizens But can arrest and detain people who commit crimes on private property In Canada, Private security officers outnumber police officer by four to one Parapolice Extension of activities Lack of systems of oversight like transitional police Police Work POlicing The activities of any indivual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private organizations or persons to maintain security or social order Pluralization of Policing The sharing between public and private security Legislative Framework Carry out tasks within a number of legislative frameworks, define role, powers/responsibilites Canadian charter of rights and freedoms- most impactful on power/actvites of police Provincial and municipal legislation - Status such as motor vehicle administration acts, highway traffic acts, liquor acts and provincial/musincpal police acts Democracy Governance Categories of Policing Recruitment and Training of police officers Police recruitment Recruiting Visible Minorites and Aboriginal People Special initvates and programs for youth, women and visible minorities PEACE (Police Ethnic and Cultureal Exchange) OPPBound (particpate in variety of activate with officer) Toronto POlice recruitment of Somali Officers Edmonton police uniforms that include a hijab Police Training Residential/non-residential academies, centralized and decentralized Physical and academic instruction, socilization into the police occupation Operational field traiing Hands-on application of principles learned in the academy Mentoship form senior officer Working Personality of Police officers Challenges of Police Work Work Enviroment Long hours and shift work Exposure to stressors, especially in high demand environments PTSD and burnout Work Organiztion Harassment of female officers Cumbersome of system of internal redress Summary A number of misconceptions arounds police work, including th emotion that most police work involves crime control A variety of influences on the roles and activities of the police Four levels of policing: federal, provincial, mnicipal and First Nations, each with different responsibilities

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