Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

king of France during the French Revolution-executed for treason by the National Convention

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to Asia

Originally, African slaves were brought to the Americas to supply labor for the

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary to define Spanish (west of line) and Portuguese (east of line) possessions in the Americas.

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river in Canada and laid claim to the region for France

King of Spain, married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588 when his armada was defeated

he succeeded the childless Elizabeth Divine right of kings, absolutist, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Phillip II of Spain

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliament to victory in the English Civil War ( and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots (protestants) in France

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia. partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

James II(catholic) abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange(Protestant) in England

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

French Enlightenment philosopher wrote The Social Contract, people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority

The Peace Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French Indian War (aka the Seven Years War) giving Britian France's holdings in the Americas.

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

the largest group of people, educated and rich as well as poor but had no influence in the government, most were artisians and workers, they paid ALL TAXES

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution seen as more humane

; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy, he was forced to sign the New French Constitution from the National Assembly

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs (Adam Smith's idea)

Led by Rebespierre's;enemies of/threats to the republic were executed during the Reign of Terror

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and allied armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

As the Russians retreated from Napoleon they burned the land and its resources, led to the defeat of Napoleon.

ability, merit, not rank or kinship

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

sailor who made at least two voyages to the New World; in 1507 a mapmaker named the name land after this sailor

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and allowed princes to chose their religion

French cardinal who strengthened the central government by destroying the power of the nobles

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans.

Last battle of the war of independence in 1789 where the British surrendered.

founded for religious purposes. Economy focused on fishing, trade, shipbuilding

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

1st global war, French, British, and Spanish battled over colonies in the New World, Frederick the Great of Prussia faced off against Austria, France, Russia and Sweden.

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

in response to Boston Tea Party, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good- direct democracy

The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy.

area where Napoleon was exiled (the second time), where Napoleon eventually died