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Adaptation of aquatic plants and animals
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Define what a habitat is. Identify and describe the three main types of habitats: terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial. Give examples of plants and animals that live in each type of habitat. Understand the basic adaptations of organisms to their habitats.Make a test, with answers best on the following: Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells. Supporting Content LS1.A: Structure and Function • All living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). (MS-LS-1.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living things, and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and varied cells. In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. (MS-LS-1.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those systems. Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (MS-LS-1.4) • Living things share certain characteristics. (These include response to environment, reproduction, energy use, growth and development, life cycles, made of cells, etc.) (MS-LS1.4) Further Explanation: Examples should include both biotic and abiotic items, and should be defended using accepted characteristics of life. Plants, algae (including phytoplankton), and many microorganisms use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through the process of photosynthesis, which also releases oxygen. These sugars can be used immediately or stored for growth or later use. (MS-LS-1.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on tracing movement of matter and flow of energy. Supporting Content LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms • Within individual organisms, food moves through a series of chemical reactions (cellular respiration) in which it is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules, to support growth, or to release energy. (MS-LS-1.6) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on describing that molecules are broken apart and put back together and that in this process, energy is released and on understanding that the elements in the products are the same as the elements in the reactants. Organisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors. (MS-LS-2.1) • In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. (MS-LS-2.1) • Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. (MS-LS-2.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on cause and effect relationships between resources and growth of individual organisms and the numbers of organisms in ecosystems during periods of abundant and scarce resources. Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. (MS-LS-2.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on predicting consistent patterns of interactions in different ecosystems in terms of the relationships among and between organisms and abiotic components of ecosystems. Examples of types of interactions could include competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial. Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. (MS-LS-2.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on describing the conservation of matter and flow of energy into and out of various ecosystems, and on defining the boundaries of the system. Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations. (MSLS-2.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on recognizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences about changes in populations, and on evaluating empirical evidence supporting arguments about changes to ecosystems. Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth’s terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem’s biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. (MS-LS-2.6) Supporting Content LS4.D: Biodiversity • Changes in biodiversity can influence humans’ resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on—for example, water purification and recycling. (MS-LS-2.6) Supporting Content ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions • There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (MS-LS-2.6) Further Explanation: Examples of ecosystem services could include water purification, nutrient recycling, and prevention of soil erosion. Examples of design solution constraints could include scientific, economic, and social considerations. Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Structural changes to genes (mutations) can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS-3.1) Supporting Content LS3.B: Variation of Traits • In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in significant changes to the structure and function of proteins. Changes can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism. (MS-LS-3.1) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins. Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (MS-LS-3.2) Supporting Content LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits • Variations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences that result from the subset of chromosomes (and therefore genes) inherited. (MS-LS-3.2) Supporting Content LS3.B: Variation of Traits • In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. (MS-LS-3.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using models such as simple Punnett squares and pedigrees, diagrams, and simulations to describe the cause and effect relationship of gene transmission from parent(s) to offspring and resulting genetic variation. The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order is known as the fossil record and documents the change of many life forms throughout the history of the Earth. Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between living and once living organisms in the fossil record enable the classification of living things. (MS-LS-4.1, MS-LS-4.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on finding patterns of changes in the level of complexity of anatomical structures in organisms and the chronological order of fossil appearance in the rock layers. The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order is known as the fossil record and documents the change of many life forms throughout the history of the Earth. Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between living and once living organisms in the fossil record enable the classification of living things. (MS-LS-4.1, MS-LS-4.2) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on explanations of the relationships among organisms in terms of similarity or differences of the gross appearance of anatomical structures. Scientific genus and species level names indicate a degree of relationship. (MS-LS-4.3) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on inferring general patterns of relatedness among structures of different organisms by comparing diagrams, pictures, specimens, or fossils. Natural selection leads to the predominance of certain traits in a population, and the suppression of others. (MS-LS-4.4) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using concepts of natural selection, including overproduction of offspring, passage of time, variation in a population, selection of favorable traits, and heritability of traits. In artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed to offspring. (MS-LS-4.5) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on identifying and communicating information from reliable sources about the influence of humans on genetic outcomes in artificial selection (such as genetic modification, animal husbandry, gene therapy), and on the influence these technologies have on society as well as the technologies leading to these scientific discoveries. Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (MS-LS-4.6) Further Explanation: Emphasis is on using mathematical models, probability statements, and proportional reasoning to support explanations of trends in changes to populations over time. Examples could include Peppered Moth population changes before and after the industrial revolution. Megumi SCIENCE Structural Adaptation of Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants PART 213 Megumi SCIENCE Structural Adaptation of Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants PART 11. What is intraspecific competition? a. A relationship between predator and prey b. Competition between individuals of the same species for limited resources c. Interaction between two different species in an ecosystem d. A form of predation where herbivores consume plants 2. How does interspecific competition affect ecosystems? a. It leads to an increase in biodiversity b. It causes one species to always become extinct c. It can change population sizes and species distribution d. It has no effect on ecosystems 3. Which of the following is an example of true predation? a. A cow grazing on grass b. A lion hunting a zebra c. A bee pollinating flowers d. A bird building a nest 4. What role do parasitoids play in ecosystems? a. They are primary producers b. They help control pest populations c. They are a type of prey d. They compete with herbivores for plants 5. Which of the following best describes a predator? a. An organism that is hunted and consumed b. An organism that feeds on plants c. An organism that hunts and consumes another organism d. An organism that lays eggs inside a host 6. How does grazing affect plant communities? a. It allows a single plant species to dominate b. It helps maintain diverse ecosystems c. It eliminates all plant life d. It has no impact on plant communities 7. What is the main difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition? a. Intraspecific involves different species; interspecific involves the same species b. Intraspecific involves the same species; interspecific involves different species c. Intraspecific competition is always beneficial; interspecific is not d. Intraspecific competition occurs only in aquatic environments 8. What is a common consequence of predation in ecosystems? a. Increase in prey population b. Overpopulation of predators c. Regulation of prey populations d. Extinction of all predators 9. Which interaction involves herbivores consuming plants? a. True predation b. Intraspecific competition c. Grazing d. Parasitism 10. How can interspecific competition influence natural selection? a. It does not influence natural selection b. It leads to cooperation among all species c. It can drive adaptation and evolutionary change d. It eliminates the need for adaptation Adaptation of Animals and Plants 01Class activity 1: Crop distribution refers to how crops are spread across different regions in Nigeria. Certain crops are found more in one area than the rest because of the environment in which they grow best. Successful adaptation of crops to the climatic and soil conditions of an area is known as Adaptability. Different crops require different climatic and soil conditions for their normal growth and development. THREE ECOLOGICAL REGIONS IN NIGERIA 1. Coastal region 2. Rainforest region 3. Savanna region Coastal region: This region is close to the sea and is marked by mangrove forest. The climate there is humid and receives lots of rainfall. Dominant Crops: Rice, rubber, coconut. States found: Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross-Rivers, Delta, Edo, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Rivers. RAINFOREST REGION(SOUTH): This region experiences high rainfall throughout the year and lush vegetation. Dominant Crops: Oil palm, banana, plantain, kolanut, cocoa, tubers(cassava and yam). States found: Bayelsa, Cross River, Edo, Ekiti, Ondo, Osun, Rivers, and Taraba. SAVANNAH REGION(NORTH): This region has a dry and wet season with less rainfall than the forest region. It consists of grassland and a few trees. Dominant Crops cereals, legumes, and cotton. These crops adapt to the drier and warmer climate of the savannah and require less water. States found: Enugu, Ekiti, Osun, Oyo, Kwara, Kogi, Benue, Nassarawa, Plateau, and Taraba StatesPretend that you are a secondary teacher. Make me 10 HOTS-SOLO or PISA-like assessment test items or multiple choice test questions with answers and stimuli for grade 10 students. Start your questions with why, how, what, and which, align with this learning competency -Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts, applying a reading approach, and doing an adaptation of these, require from the learner the ability to identify: representative texts and authors from Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa