Which principle explains how light bends when traveling from one medium to another, affecting its "shortest path" in time?

In a uniform gravitational field, the shortest path (in space) for a freely falling object is:

The concept of geodesics in General Relativity refers to:

In which field of physics is the concept of a minimum energy path (a type of shortest path) most often used?

Which type of routing algorithm has a complete view of the entire network topology?

In a computer network, a graph used for shortest path algorithms can represent:

What is the job of a router in a computer network?

What does IP stand for in “IP address”?