anatomy Lec#2

Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and resistance to environmental stress

Induction of totipotency and asymmetrical cell division

Reversion to a simpler meristematic state

Continuous, unidirectional cell division

Periclinal and anticlinal division within the vascular cambium

Intercalary meristematic activation

Reprogramming of permanent tissue to meristematic tissue

Lateral root initiation

Palisade parenchyma contains larger intercellular spaces, whereas spongy parenchyma contains fewer chloroplasts.

Palisade parenchyma has thicker cell walls to resist environmental stress, while spongy parenchyma has a thinner cuticle for better transpiration.

Palisade parenchyma maximizes photosynthesis through dense chloroplasts, while spongy parenchyma is primarily responsible for water storage

Palisade parenchyma is located deeper in the leaf to trap light, while spongy parenchyma aids in gas exchange near the surface.

The thicker cuticle layer traps moisture inside the epidermis, reducing evaporation.

The stomatal pores become smaller, limiting water vapor diffusion during high temperatures.

The stoma aperture expands, creating a microclimate with higher humidity inside the cavity.

The development of an epidermal cavity reduces exposure to wind and heat, enhancing water retention.

Secondary meristems activate chlorophyll production, while primary meristems specialize in sugar transport.

Primary meristems are responsible for the formation of new vascular bundles, while secondary meristems maintain the function of mature vascular tissues.

Primary meristems contribute to vertical elongation, while secondary meristems contribute to radial (lateral) growth.

Primary meristems form protective tissues, while secondary meristems focus on synthesizing lignin for structural integrity.

Fibers, originating from meristematic tissue, are long and densely packed to provide tensile strength, while stone cells, originating from vascular tissue, offer compressive support.

Fibers are specialized for flexible support in leaves, while stone cells offer structural protection in seeds and fruits, originating from parenchymal tissue.

Fibers and stone cells both originate from meristematic tissue and provide rigid mechanical support, but fibers are associated with non-woody parts, while stone cells are found in woody structures.

Fibers, originating from ground tissue, are long and flexible, offering support during growth, while stone cells, originating from epidermal tissue, are short and rigid for protection.

Lateral meristems generate xylem and phloem tissues through division along the vertical plane, contributing to height growth.

The division of cambium cells in a plane parallel to the axis of the stem leads to the formation of new vascular tissues.

Meristematic cells produce fibers that thicken and support vascular elements, facilitating structural growth.

The formation of new parenchyma cells between vascular tissues results in an increase in stem diameter.

The alternating layers of xylem and phloem help regulate gas exchange by controlling water vapor loss through transpiration.

The arrangement of xylem and phloem in vascular bundles creates mechanical strength to resist physical damage from environmental forces.

The radial arrangement of xylem and phloem in dicot stems allows for rapid growth and efficient water transport to the leaves.

The proximity of xylem and phloem maximizes nutrient transport efficiency through symplastic connections.

Plasmodesmata

Chloroplasts

Plastids

Vacuoles

High cellulose content in the intercellular spaces

The ability to synthesize new cellulose fibers during cell expansion

Irregular cellulose thickening in specific regions of the cell walls

Lignification of the cell walls