anatomy lec#3
Quiz by Thomas adly
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- Q1
Histamine release from stinging hairs in Urtica not only causes immediate irritation but may also play a role in indirect defense mechanisms. How might histamine affect interactions with herbivores’ microbiota?
Histamine disrupts microbial cell walls, preventing herbivores from digesting plant material efficiently
Histamine induces microbial growth, weakening plant cell walls and aiding herbivory
It interferes with herbivores’ gut microbiota, reducing nutrient absorption
It activates proteolytic enzymes in herbivore saliva, increasing histamine absorption
30s - Q2
The cuticle absence on root hairs has a critical role in symbiotic associations with soil microbes. Which of the following describes the impact of this adaptation?
Allows for direct exchange of nitrogen compounds with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Minimizes oxygen barriers, facilitating anaerobic microbial processes
Increases susceptibility to pathogenic fungi but improves nutrient uptake
Promotes microbial colonization by direct access to epidermal sugars
30s - Q3
In tracheids, scalariform thickening patterns exhibit adaptive advantages. What specific function might this lignification pattern offer in environments with frequent temperature fluctuations?
Enhances cellular rigidity to resist freeze-thaw cycles and cavitation
Provides a flexible matrix to expand and contract without damaging cell walls
Prevents desiccation by tightly binding water molecules in lignin layers
Facilitates faster water movement by minimizing surface resistance
30s - Q4
What advantage does the secretion of specific proteases from Drosera’s digestive glands provide over other enzymes when capturing protein-based prey?
Proteases reduce osmotic water loss during enzyme activity on insect cuticles
Proteases allow selective digestion that minimizes energy expenditure on tough exoskeletons
Proteases hydrolyze protein bonds that liberate sulfur, reducing enzyme decay
Proteases prevent the buildup of waste products that may attract competing organisms
30s - Q5
Latex cells exhibit multinucleate structures that allow wide distribution of latex across plant organs. What role do the large number of nuclei play in modulating latex flow and viscosity under extreme stress?
Allows cell segments to rapidly divide under stress, releasing additional latex
Coordinates production of specific proteins to alter latex density as defense
Facilitates synthesis of secondary compounds in response to tissue damage
Regulates ionic concentration, increasing latex fluidity in response to herbivory
30s - Q6
Companion cells are uniquely connected to sieve tubes in angiosperms. How might the absence of companion cells in gymnosperms affect their phloem transport efficiency?
Lack of companion cells slows down nutrient transfer, making them seasonally active
Gymnosperms utilize parenchyma for passive transport, reducing transfer efficiency
Gymnosperms rely on energy-intensive active transport mechanisms in sieve tubes
They have modified sieve cells that compensate for nutrient transport without companion cells
30s - Q7
Xylem parenchyma cells lack intercellular spaces, which influences water and nutrient flow. In what way might this structural characteristic contribute to energy efficiency in the plant’s vascular system?
Maintains high ionic concentrations for more efficient nutrient binding to vessel walls
Prevents nutrient leakage, allowing more energy to be allocated to leaf growth
Limits the buildup of air bubbles, reducing cavitation risk and metabolic repair needs
Forces xylem vessels to concentrate ions, minimizing active transport requirements
30s - Q8
Secondary phloem parenchyma contains lignin deposits. Why might these lignified areas benefit plants with seasonal growth cycles in temperate climates?
Lignified phloem parenchyma prevents ice formation within cell walls during dormancy
Reduces risk of pathogen invasion by fortifying vascular barriers in winter
Thick walls decrease metabolic rates, preserving nutrients for spring growth
Reinforces vascular tissue to support rapid leaf expansion after dormancy
30s - Q9
The intricate pitted structure of xylem vessels plays a role beyond water transport in arid climates. What additional advantage does this structure offer in adapting to irregular water availability?
Facilitates the formation of temporary air channels for desiccation resistance
Minimizes water movement to surrounding tissues during drought
Reduces susceptibility to fungal spores in wet-dry cycles
Enhances drought resilience by compartmentalizing water reserves
30s - Q10
Schizogenous glands produce resins in pine plants. How might this glandular adaptation provide a biochemical advantage beyond herbivory deterrence?
Creates an antimicrobial barrier, minimizing microbial decay of woody tissues
Resin secretion contains allelopathic compounds that inhibit nearby plant growth
Resin slows down leaf abscission, conserving resources during early frost
Alters the local soil pH to minimize competition from surrounding vegetation
30s