All are correct about obstetric formulae except

Present pregnancy is not included in gravida

Abortions include number of spontaneous and induced abortions

Para includes number of pregnancies crossed 28 weeks

Objectives of ANC include all

Discouraging temporary contraception

To attend the under 5 accompanying

All are at risk pregnancy except

Elderly primi cut off is 40 years

Hegar sign- Softening of cervix

Chadwick sign- Bluish discoloration of vagina and vulva

Osiander sign-Lateral vaginal fornix pulsation

Mark the incorrect statement related to ANC

Constipation in pregnancy occurs due to Estrogen

Weight loss 5% in 3 months or ketosis indicates hyperemesis

Excessive vomiting occurs due to HCG

Anaemia mukt bharat tablets in ANC

60 mg Iron 500 mcg folic acid for 180 days

100 mg Iron 500 mcg folic acid for 180 days

60 mg Iron 500 mcg folic acid for 100 days

100 mg Iron 500 mcg folic acid for 100 days

ANC_Obs | Quizalize

ANC Quiz #1

HISTORY ANC

I/O: Organizational Change & Development - KTRMed's 1st Anniversary/ Rain's Interview with ANC

Democratic Constitution in South Africa Struggle against Apartheid • Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. • This system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. → They were forbidden from living in white areas. • Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. • The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation. • In 1964, Nelson Mandela and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country. Towards a New Constitution • As protests and struggles against apartheid had increased, the white regime changed its policies. • After 28 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela released from jail. • At the midnight of 26 April 1994, democracy was adopted as a form of government in South Africa. • After two years, a constitution came out which gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. Why do we need a Constitution? • A constitution is necessary because: → It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together. → It specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions. → It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are. → It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society. Making of the Indian Constitution • In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India. • In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent India’s constitution should look like. • Factors contributed to the making of our Constitution. → Ideals of French Revolution → The practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain → The Bill of Rights in the US → The socialist revolution in Russia The Constituent Assembly • In July 1946, Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held. → The drafting of the document called the constitution was done Constituent Assembly. → Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. → In December 1946, the first meeting was held. • After the country was divided into India and Pakistan, the Constituent Assembly also got divided. • The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on 26 January 1950. • To mark this day we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year. • The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. → First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. → Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. → More than two thousand amendments were considered. Philosophy of the Constitution • The Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values which is called the Preamble to the constitution. The preamble focuses on: → Justice, social, economic and political. → Liberty of thoughts, expression, belief, faith and worship. → Equality of status and of opportunity. → Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

Chapter 7 - Review Data and Decision Making *Glow bus due at midnight, name and student number: answer questions using content in class People have created wonderful things for centuries, and management Management can be traced as far back as 500 bc when the ancient Sumerians used written records to improve government and business activities Why is it important to lean from the past Not to repeat our mistakes Classical management approaches Scientific management Administrative Principles Bureaucratic organisation Behavioural Management Approaches Follett’s Organizations as communities The Hawthorne studies Maslow’s theory of human needs Mcgregor’s Theory x and Theory Y Argyris Personality and organisation Modern Management foundations Organises as systems Contingency thinking Quality management Quantitative and analysis and tools Evidence-based management Contributions Frederick Taylor - Father of Scientific management He noticed that workers often did their jobs with wasted motions and without a constant approach. His resulted in inefficiency and low performance He believed the problem could be fixed if workers were taught to do their jobs in the best ways and ten were helped and guided by supervisors Four guiding principles of scientific management Rules of motion, standardized work and proper working conditions Select workers with the right abilities Train workers and give them incentives Support workers by planning and smoothing the way as they do their work Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Pioneered use of motitono studies as a management tool In one famous case, the gilbreaths cut down the number of motions used by bricklayers adn tripled their productivity Contributions from scientific management Make results-based compensation a performance incentive Carefully design jobs with efficient work methods Carefully select workers with the ability to perform the job Trian workers to execute activities to the best of their abilities Train supervisors to support workers so they can perform jobs to the best of their abilities Classical Management Adiminstative principle (Henro Fayol) 1919, after a career in French industry, Henri F published “adminisration Industrielle et Generale” (General and industrial management) in which we out like his views on the management of organiztion and workers Rules and duties in management Foresight - to complete a plan of action for the future Organization - To provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan Common- to lead, select and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan Coordination- to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved Control- to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action Classical management Bureacratic organiztion (Max Weber) Max weber (Bureaucrativ organization) - late 19th century German political economist who had a major impact in the fields of management and sociology Bureaucratic Organization An ideal, intentionally rational adn very efficient form of organization Based on the principles of logic, order and legitimate authority Characteristics of BO Clear division of labour Clear hierarchy of authority Formal rules and procedure Impersonality Careers based on merit What are some disadvantages of bureaucracy Takes a long time for problems to become solved bec there are procedures and there is a chain of people in command Having the power Rules have to follow Excessive paperwork or “red tape” Slowness in handling problems Rigidity in the face of shifting needs Resistance to change Employee apathy Behavioural Management Approaches (focus on understanding the elements that affect human behaviour in organisations) Follett’s Organizations as communites Mary park follett contributed to the transition from classical thinking inot behavioural management Groups and human cooperation Groups allow individuales too combine their talents for a greater good Organizations are cooperating “communites” of managers adn workers Managers job is to help people copperate and achive an integration of goals and intrests Forward-looking managment insight: Making every emploee an owner creates a sense of collective responsibility Prescursor of employrr ownership, profit sharing and gain sharing Buniess problems invovle a varity of inter realted factors Prescursor of systems thinking Private profits realtive to public good Precursor of managerial ethics and social respinsibility Hawthorne studies Took place at western electric chicago plan, a tran led by Harvards Elton Mayo set out to learn how econmic incentives and workplace conditions affected workers output Maing objective Intial study examined how ecomoin incentives adn physical conditions affected worker output (productivity) No consistent relationship found During experientmetn they had 2 groups The expertiant groups (impoved wokring ocnditions ) The control group ( no changes to original working conidtions) No consitant relationship found, perfomance in both groups increased even after removing incentives Social setting and human relations Concluded New “social setting” led workers to do good job Good “Human relations” = higher productivity The contect - The Great Depression (1929-1940) Employee attitudes and groups processes Osme thinsf satisifed some workers but not others People resticited output to adhere to groups norms (Avoid layoffs) Lessons from he hawthrone stufirs Social and human concerns are keys to prductivity Hawthrone effect - People who are singled out for special attention perform as expected Maslow’s Theory of human needs Human needs The work of psychologist Abraham Maslow in the area if human “needs,” also has had a major impact in the behavioual apporach to management Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Self actualization needs Higherst level: need foe self fulfillment to grow and use abilites to fullest and most creative extent Esteem needs Needs fro esteem in eyes of others need for respect, prestige, recognition; need for self esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery Social needs Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in ones relationship either other people Safett needs Need for security, protection and stability in teh events of day to day life Physiological needs Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintence; food, water and phydical well being Principles Defict principle: A satidifed need is not a motivator of behaviour Progress principles: A need becomes a motivator once the preceding lower-level need is satisfied Both principles cease to operate at self actulilzation level McGregor’s Theories Thepry x assumes that workers; Dislike work Lack ambition Are irresponsible Resist change Prefer to be led Theoyry y assumes that workers are Willing to work Willing to accept responsibility Capable of self control Capable of self direction Imaginative and creative According to McGregor, Managers create: Self fulfilling prophecies Implications of Theory x and y Theory x managers: Create situations where workers become dependent, passive and reluctant Theory y managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance Central to notions of empowerment and self management Argyris’s theory of adult personality Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality Management practices should accommodate the mature personality: Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making Modern Management Foundation Quantitative analysis and Tools Analytics: the use of large data bases and mathematics to solve problems and make informed decision using systematic analysis Organization as systems System Collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose Subsystem A smaller component of a larger system Open systems Organisations that interact with their environment Contingency thinking Tires to maths managerial responses with problem (situation) No “one best way” to manage The “appropriate way to to manage depends on the situations Quality management Qality anc competitive advantafe are linked Total quality managment (TQM) Comprehensive approach to contiou impovment on teh entire organization ISO certification Gloval quality management standards Refine and upgrade quality to meet ISO requirments Evidednce Based Managment Making management decision on “hard facts” about what really works

Câu 1: Đặc trưng nào sau đây là một trong những yếu tố cốt lõi của trí tuệ nhân tạo? A. Tự động hóa quy trình làm việc B. Khả năng học tập và thích nghi từ dữ liệu C. Khả năng sử dụng năng lượng hiệu quả D. Thực hiện các phép tính toán học nhanh chóng Đáp án: B. Khả năng học tập và thích nghi từ dữ liệu Câu 2: Trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) chủ yếu được sử dụng để làm gì? A. Phân tích dữ liệu và đưa ra quyết định dựa trên dữ liệu B. Thiết kế hệ thống mạng C. Giảm lượng tiêu thụ điện năng D. Thực hiện các công việc thể chất Đáp án: A. Phân tích dữ liệu và đưa ra quyết định dựa trên dữ liệu Câu 3: Hệ thống AI được gọi là “học máy” (machine learning) khi nó có khả năng: A. Tự động sửa chữa lỗi trong phần mềm B. Tạo ra các hệ thống mạng bảo mật C. Học hỏi và cải thiện hiệu suất mà không cần lập trình rõ ràng D. Tăng tốc độ xử lý của phần cứng Đáp án: C. Học hỏi và cải thiện hiệu suất Câu 4: Khả năng học của AI liên quan đến yếu tố nào sau đây? A. Học từ kinh nghiệm và dữ liệu mới để cải thiện hiệu suất B. Ghi nhớ tất cả các lệnh do con người cung cấp C. Chạy các chương trình mà không cần cập nhật D. Sửa lỗi phần mềm một cách tự động Đáp án: A. Học từ kinh nghiệm và dữ liệu mới để cải thiện hiệu suất Câu 5: Khả năng suy luận trong AI giúp hệ thống thực hiện điều gì? A. Phát triển khả năng thể hiện cảm xúc B. Sử dụng thông tin để đưa ra các quyết định có căn cứ C. Tăng tốc độ xử lý dữ liệu D. Sao chép chính xác các hành vi của con người Đáp án: B. Sử dụng thông tin để đưa ra các quyết định có căn cứ Câu 6: Khả năng nhận thức của AI là gì? A. Khả năng tự nhận biết và điều chỉnh hành vi của nó dựa trên môi trường B. Khả năng xử lý dữ liệu với tốc độ nhanh hơn C. Khả năng làm việc liên tục không cần nghỉ D. Khả năng thu thập dữ liệu từ các cảm biến và hệ thống khác Đáp án: A. Khả năng tự nhận biết và điều chỉnh hành vi của nó dựa trên môi trường Câu 7: Khả năng hiểu ngôn ngữ tự nhiên (NLP) của AI cho phép hệ thống: A. Xử lý văn bản và ngôn ngữ giống như con người B. Dịch thuật chính xác từ ngôn ngữ này sang ngôn ngữ khác C. Thay thế hoàn toàn con người trong việc viết và giao tiếp D. Tăng cường khả năng suy nghĩ trừu tượng Đáp án: A. Xử lý văn bản và ngôn ngữ giống như con người Câu 8: AI có khả năng giải quyết vấn đề khi nào? A. Khi nó sử dụng các thuật toán để tìm ra giải pháp tối ưu cho các vấn đề phức tạp B. Khi nó thay thế toàn bộ con người trong mọi công việc C. Khi nó tự động sửa chữa các lỗi phần mềm D. Khi nó cung cấp thông tin chi tiết về dữ liệu mà không cần bất kỳ sự can thiệp nào Đáp án: A. Khi nó sử dụng các thuật toán để tìm ra giải pháp tối ưu cho các vấn đề phức tạp Câu 9: Khả năng học của AI là gì? A. AI có thể học từ dữ liệu và kinh nghiệm mới. B. AI có thể tự sửa lỗi mà không cần dữ liệu đầu vào. C. AI có thể cải thiện hiệu suất thông qua học tập. D. AI không cần cập nhật khi học tập từ dữ liệu. Đáp án: • Đúng: A, C • Sai: B, D Câu 10: Khả năng suy luận của AI giúp hệ thống thực hiện điều gì? A. AI có thể đưa ra quyết định dựa trên dữ liệu. B. AI có thể suy nghĩ giống con người mà không cần dữ liệu. C. AI sử dụng thông tin để phân tích và đưa ra lựa chọn hợp lý. D. AI tự động đưa ra quyết định mà không cần học tập trước đó. Đáp án: • Đúng: A, C • Sai: B, D Câu 11: AI có khả năng nhận thức và điều chỉnh hành vi dựa trên môi trường xung quanh không? A. AI có thể nhận biết thay đổi trong môi trường và điều chỉnh hành vi. B. AI luôn cần con người giám sát để đưa ra quyết định. C. AI tự động thay đổi mà không cần lập trình lại khi môi trường thay đổi. D. AI không có khả năng điều chỉnh theo môi trường. Đáp án: • Đúng: A, C • Sai: B, D Câu 12: Khả năng giải quyết vấn đề của AI được biểu hiện như thế nào? A. AI có thể áp dụng các thuật toán để tìm ra giải pháp tối ưu. B. AI giải quyết vấn đề mà không cần dữ liệu đầu vào. C. AI tự động phân tích và đưa ra các phương án giải quyết dựa trên dữ liệu. D. AI chỉ có thể giải quyết vấn đề khi được lập trình trước. Đáp án: • Đúng: A, C • Sai: B, D

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SOAL 1. Dalam Islam, tawuran termasuk perbuatan yang… A. Dianjurkan jika untuk membela teman B. Boleh dilakukan jika merasa benar C. Dilarang karena merugikan banyak pihak D. Wajib jika ada yang memulai E. Diperbolehkan dalam keadaan tertentu 2. Yang dimaksud dengan zina hati adalah… A. Perbuatan zina secara langsung B. Keinginan dan niat dalam hati terhadap hal yang dilarang C. Perkataan kasar kepada orang lain D. Perbuatan mencuri E. Melakukan ibadah dengan ikhlas 3. Salah satu faktor seseorang melakukan pacaran adalah... A. Tekanan ekonomi B. Rasa ketertarikan C. Kewajiban keluarga D. Tuntutan sekolah E. Peraturan pemerintah 4. Dalam konteks pembagian zina anggota tubuh (zina kecil), yang dimaksud dengan "zina tangan" secara spesifik adalah... a. Menggunakan tangan untuk mengambil barang yang bukan haknya. b. Memukul orang lain hingga terluka karena marah. c. Menyentuh atau memegang lawan jenis yang bukan mahram dengan sengaja. d. Menuliskan kata-kata kasar atau fitnah di media sosial. e. Memberikan bantuan kepada orang yang berniat melakukan maksiat. 5. Seorang remaja mulai merokok karena ingin diterima dalam kelompok pergaulannya. Jika dilihat dari sudut pandang pengambilan keputusan, tindakan yang paling tepat adalah… A. Mengikuti kebiasaan kelompok agar tidak dikucilkan B. Menolak dengan tegas dan mencari lingkungan yang lebih sehat C. Mencoba sekali saja agar tidak penasaran D. Diam saja tanpa mengambil sikap E. Ikut merokok tetapi diam-diam 6. Zina kaki terjadi ketika seseorang… A. Menggunakan kaki untuk bekerja B. Melangkah menuju hal yang dilarang agama C. Berjalan santai di taman D. Pergi ke tempat umum E. Mengantar teman pulang 7. Menurut hadits Nabi SAW, zina mata dilakukan dengan cara... A. Mendengar hal-hal yang haram B. Berbicara tentang lawan jenis C. Melihat lawan jenis yang bukan mahram dengan syahwat D. Memikirkan hal-hal kotor E. Meraba lawan jenis 8. Tawuran bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam karena tidak mencerminkan sikap… A. Sombong B. Sabar dan menahan amarah C. Malas D. Boros E. Takut 9. Contoh zina hati adalah… A. Membantu orang tua B. Berniat melakukan perbuatan maksiat C. Belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh D. Menjaga lisan dari kata-kata buruk E. Bersedekah kepada yang membutuhkan 10. Kurangnya perhatian dari keluarga dapat menyebabkan remaja... A. Menjadi lebih mandiri tanpa pengaruh B. Mencari kenyamanan melalui pacaran C. Menghindari semua pergaulan D. Lebih fokus belajar E. Menjadi pemimpin 11. Rasulullah SAW bersabda bahwa setiap anak Adam telah ditentukan bagian zinanya yang tidak bisa tidak akan dialaminya. Dalam hadits tersebut, Rasulullah menegaskan bahwa "zina tangan adalah..." a. Menunjuk b. Menggenggam c. Menulis d. Menyentuh e. Memberi 12. Perhatikan pernyataan berikut: (1) Tekanan teman sebaya (2) Kurangnya pengawasan orang tua (3) Rasa ingin tahu tinggi (4) Prestasi akademik yang baik Faktor utama yang mendorong remaja terjerumus dalam pergaulan bebas dan merokok ditunjukkan oleh nomor… A. (1), (2), dan (3) B. (1), (2), dan (4) C. (2), (3), dan (4) D. (1) dan (4) saja E. (3) dan (4) saja 13. Perilaku zina kaki harus dihindari karena… A. Membuat tubuh lelah B. Termasuk perbuatan dosa C. Mengurangi waktu istirahat D. Membuat kaki sakit E. Menghambat aktivitas 14. Zina mata termasuk dalam kategori perbuatan yang... A. Diperbolehkan jika tidak sengaja B. Dosa besar dan wajib dihindari C. Merupakan dosa kecil D. Biasa saja dan tidak berdampak E. Dapat dihapus dengan sedekah saja 15. Berikut ini yang merupakan dampak negatif dari tawuran adalah… A. Menambah teman baru B. Mendapat pujian dari masyarakat C. Terjalin persatuan D. Menimbulkan kerusakan dan korban E. Meningkatkan prestasi 16. Perbedaan zina hati dan zina fisik adalah… A. Zina hati lebih berat dari zina fisik B. Zina fisik tidak berdosa C. Zina hati hanya dalam pikiran/perasaan, sedangkan zina fisik dalam perbuatan D. Keduanya tidak ada hubungan E. Zina hati tidak perlu dihindari 17. Seorang siswa mulai berpacaran karena semua temannya melakukannya. Faktor utama yang memengaruhi adalah... A. Media sosial B. Rasa penasaran C. Lingkungan pergaulan D. Kurangnya aturan sekolah E. Pendidikan agama 18. Al-Qur'an Surah Al-Isra ayat 32 melarang umat Islam untuk "mendekati zina". Bagaimana kaitan larangan "mendekati" tersebut dengan perbuatan zina tangan? a. Zina tangan hanya dilarang jika dilakukan oleh mereka yang sudah menikah. b. Zina tangan dianggap sebagai salah satu pintu atau perantara yang dilarang karena dapat mengarah pada zina besar. c. Ayat tersebut hanya melarang zina besar, sedangkan zina tangan hanya dianggap makruh. d. Larangan tersebut hanya berlaku jika sentuhan tangan dilakukan di tempat yang sepi. e. Zina tangan tidak termasuk dalam cakupan ayat tersebut karena tidak melibatkan persetubuhan. 19. Seorang siswa mengetahui bahwa temannya sering merokok di lingkungan sekolah. Sikap yang paling mencerminkan tanggung jawab sosial adalah… A. Membiarkannya karena itu urusan pribadi B. Ikut mencoba agar memahami perasaan teman C. Menegur dengan baik dan melaporkan kepada pihak sekolah D. Menjauhi tanpa alasan yang jelas E. Menyebarkan kabar tersebut ke teman lain 20. Seseorang yang sengaja pergi ke tempat maksiat berarti… A. Melakukan kebaikan B. Melakukan zina hati C. Melakukan zina kaki D. Melakukan ibadah E. Tidak melakukan apa-apa 21. Contoh perilaku zina mata dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah... A. Menundukkan pandangan saat bertemu lawan jenis B. Membaca Al-Qur'an C. Menonton film porno atau tayangan aurat D. Menghadiri majelis ilmu E. Melihat pemandangan alam 22. Cara menghindari tawuran menurut ajaran Islam adalah… A. Membalas jika diserang B. Ikut-ikutan teman C. Menyelesaikan masalah dengan musyawarah D. Membentuk kelompok untuk melawan E. Menghindari semua orang 23. Cara menghindari zina hati adalah… A. Mengikuti hawa nafsu B. Membiarkan pikiran bebas C. Menjaga pandangan dan memperkuat iman D. Mengabaikan nasihat agama E. Bergaul bebas tanpa batas 24. Jika seorang siswa mengalami stres akibat hubungan pacaran, dampak yang paling tepat adalah... A. Meningkatnya prestasi belajar B. Hubungan sosial menjadi lebih baik C. Tekanan emosional dan mental D. Menjadi lebih disiplin E. Lebih fokus pada tujuan hidup 25. Terdapat sebuah hadits yang memberikan peringatan keras bahwa ditusuknya kepala seseorang dengan pasak/jarum besi lebih baik baginya daripada menyentuh wanita yang tidak halal baginya. Pelajaran utama dari kerasnya ancaman ini adalah... a. Syariat Islam menetapkan hukuman fisik bagi pelaku zina tangan di dunia. b. Menyentuh lawan jenis yang bukan mahram adalah dosa kecil yang mudah dihapuskan. c. Besarnya bahaya fitnah dari sentuhan fisik sehingga Islam menutup rapat celah tersebut dengan peringatan yang sangat berat. d. Ancaman tersebut hanya berlaku bagi kaum laki-laki dan tidak berlaku bagi wanita. e. Perbuatan tersebut hanya dilarang jika dilakukan dengan niat ingin melamar. 26. Dampak jangka panjang dari kebiasaan merokok bagi remaja tidak hanya pada kesehatan, tetapi juga kehidupan sosial. Contoh dampak sosial yang tepat adalah… A. Meningkatkan rasa percaya diri B. Memperluas jaringan pertemanan C. Menurunkan kepercayaan orang lain D. Membuat lebih fokus belajar E. Menambah energi dalam aktivitas 27. Sikap yang benar untuk menghindari zina kaki adalah… A. Mengikuti teman ke tempat negatif B. Membiasakan diri pergi ke tempat baik C. Mendatangi tempat maksiat D. Tidak peduli ke mana kaki melangkah E. Pergi ke tempat yang merugikan diri 28. Perhatikan pernyataan berikut! (1) Memandang lawan jenis dengan kagum (2) Melihat foto yang tidak menutup aurat (3) Menundukkan pandangan (ghadhul bashar) (4) Menonton adegan mesra di media sosial (5) Tidak sengaja melihat lawan jenis Yang termasuk contoh zina mata ditunjukkan oleh nomor... A. (1), (2), dan (3) B. (2), (3), dan (4) C. (1), (2), dan (4) D. (3), (4), dan (5) E. (1), (3), dan (5) KUNCI JAWABAN 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. C 22. C 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. C

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