Why would Mexico be upset about Texas joining the United States?

Mexico still claimed land in Texas

Mexico wanted to expand into California

Mexico wanted to trade with the United States, but not Texas

Mexico wanted Texas to rejoin Mexico

The 1844 U.S. presidential election had an impact on Texas annexation. What was that impact?

James Polk's victory sped up the United States to annex Texas.

Henry Clay's loss meant that the annexation of Texas would be canceled and Texas would stay its own country.

Martin Van Buren's election meant that the annexation process would take longer.

There was no effect on Texas from the 1844 U.S. presidential election.

Why did some people in the U.S. Senate oppose the annexation treaty of 1844?

Annexation would give slave states a political advantage (Advantage in voting for what they want since there would be more slave states)

Texas did not allow women to vote

There would be more non-slave states than slave states

Texas would be the largest state in the United States and Senators from New York wanted to be the biggest state

How did people in the U.S. define Manifest Destiny?

The U.S. had the right to settle North America from coast to coast (East to West)

The United States needed to trade with England, France, and Spain

The United States should conquer Mexico

The United States needed to compete with Mexico

Why would someone from Texas be in favor of annexation to the United States?

The debts from the Republic of Texas would be paid by the United States

Texas would be able to do whatever it wanted

Texas would get to keep all of its land and not have to give anything to the United States

Texas would be a territory instead of a state (Like Puerto Rico)

Why would the United States become hesitant in annexing Texas after the Mier Expedition?

If Texas joined the U.S., then they would bring the problems that they have with Mexico to the United States

The U.S. told Texas if they attacked Mexico, they would not annex them

The United States thought that it would start a war with Mexico if Texas joined the United States

The U.S. would add another slave state to the Union

Why would the United States like to annex Texas?

It would increase the size of the United States and more land would be available for the Americans to settle

They would have another state in the United States

Having Texas would allow the United States to trade with Mexico

It would be a state that could help attack Mexico

Why would Mirabeau Lamar not want Texas to be annexed by the United States?

He was the President of Texas and if Texas joined the United States, he would no longer be President

He wanted Texas to invade the United States

He wanted to give Texas back to Mexico

He wanted to keep Texas independent because he thought Texas did not need the United States

What were the cons (reasons why) Texas should not join the U.S.?

Texas had a lot of debt, had slavery, and Mexico felt that they still owned Texas

Texas had open trade with Mexico and the U.S. did not want to trade with Mexico

Texas believed they did not have to follow the rules of the United States

The United States would have to deal with a large Spanish culture

What were the pros (reasons why) Texas should join the U.S.?

A shipping port, an American population, a lot of land, and a large amount of space that needed to be settled

A large amount of land and a president

A border with Mexico that made trading easier

Horses, crops, gold, and issues with Mexico

What was the land purchase from Mexico by the United States that included the southern area of New Mexico and Arizona? The United States got this land to build a railroad.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What was a big feature of the Compromise of 1850?

California would be a free state (No slavery)

Mexico gave California to the United States

New Mexico would go back to Mexico

Half of the new territory would be admitted as slave states and the other half would be free states

What did General Zachary Taylor do that gave him fame in the Untied States?

He claimed California for himself

He claimed Texas should be its own country again

What was President James Polk's reason for requesting Congress to declare war against Mexico in 1846?

Mexico killed Americans on American soil

Mexico wanted more money from the United States for giving Texas to the United States after the Texas Revolution

Mexico had invaded U.S. territory

Mexico refused to pay for Texas' war debts

What did Texas and Mexico disagree on before the U.S. - Mexican war?

Claims to the land between the Nueces River and Rio Grande

Citizenship for Mexicans who lived in Texas after the Revolution

What was the first incident that led to the U.S.-Mexican War?

Texas was annexed (joined) the United States

Texas began attacking Mexico for no reason

Mexico would not acknowledge that Texas won it's independence from Mexico

Many Texans wanted to leave the United States and go back to Mexico

How was Texas affected by the Compromise of 1850?

Texas had to give up northern and western territory in exchange to receive $10 million

Texas would have to be split into 5 states

Slavery would have to stop in Texas

Texas would have to give up land to Mexico

What was the result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The United States and Mexico ended their conflict between each other

Mexico would join the United States

Peace was made between Texas and Mexico

Annexation: The Lone Star State

Economy of Southeast Asia Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were such spices as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First the Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya, and the French into Indochina. Europe’s interest and activity in the region was further enhanced by the opening of the Suez Canal, the development of telegraphic communications, the adoption of steam shipping, and the prospects for trade with China. In the case of Malaya, the gradual diffusion of British administration provided systems of law and order and of taxation and allowed for the gradual development of infrastructure, principally reliable transport systems. This environment attracted Chinese immigrants, and the growth of the tin mining industry soon followed. Later rubber plantations were established, which brought about still further immigration. Similar developments took place in Burma (Myanmar), Vietnam, and Indonesia. In Siam (Thailand) during the second half of the 19th century, a rapid expansion of Western enterprise occurred, though not by colonization. Both British and American firms began trading in the region. The impact of the Western activity was essentially to remove trade from what had been a Chinese monopoly and to emphasize the export of a single commodity, rice. Established indigenous textile and sugar-processing industries were replaced by imports, and the economy slowly became dependent on rice exports. The Philippines gradually developed a plantation farming system under Spanish and later American influence, although rice, sugar, and tobacco continued to be produced by small-scale growers and processed by Chinese enterprises until the mid-19th century. The incorporation of Southeast Asia into the world economy had a major impact on the distribution of the region’s economic development, and it created more uneven patterns of population growth and economic activity. It also brought about a stronger sense of class distinction and resulted in a larger discrepancy between the wealthy and poor. The worldwide economic depression of the 1930s severely affected the commercialized areas most dependent on the world economy. Unemployment rose, and the period produced the seeds of political change and activism that culminated in the independence of most of the region’s countries after World War II. Since the 1950s the economic development strategies of virtually all the capitalist Southeast Asian states have emphasized urban industrialization, while agricultural development generally has been viewed as subsidiary to industrial growth. These strategies have met with mixed success. Indeed, the trading pattern of the region by and large has continued to be one of producing and exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods. Only Singapore has reached an advanced level of industrialization, in the process becoming one of the world’s great centers of industry and commerce. There is great disparity in development rates within the region, especially between the member and nonmember countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Those belonging to this grouping—Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—generally have experienced significant economic development since the mid-1960s; the exception has been the Philippines, the economy of which has grown at a much slower rate. Development has been extremely slow or nonexistent in the non-ASEAN countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam, and these are among the poorest nations in the world.

Multiple choice quiz on this reading: By 1900, the United States had claimed its place as a world power through the Spanish-American War. As the new century began, the country governed subject territories in Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam, the Wake Islands, and the Philippines. U.S. troops also occupied Cuba. U.S. businesses reached beyond the country's borders. During the first decade of the new century, the Coca-Cola Company, Quaker Oats, AT&T, the Standard Oil Company, Du Pont, General Electric, and Ford Motor Company seized the opportunity for international sales. After finding international markets, they built factories abroad, taking advantage of lower labor costs in foreign countries. Then they asked for U.S. protection of their investments and interests. Foreign countries invested heavily in Central America. U.S. investors focused on banana plantations and mining, as well as railroads, with little money in government bonds. By 1913, U.S. investments in Central America totaled about $93 million. British investment in Central America peaked at about $115 million in 1913. About $75 million of that total represented railroad holdings, mostly in Costa Rica and Guatemala. The other $40 million was in government bonds, which were worth little or nothing. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine From its earliest days, the United States claimed a special interest in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, warned European powers to keep their hands off Latin America. In 1902, Britain, Germany, and Italy mounted a naval blockade of Venezuela. They wanted to force the government to repay its debts. All the countries involved eventually agreed to settle the matter by arbitration. The United States stood back and did nothing, but U.S. citizens were clearly uneasy with the appearance of European military forces in "their" hemisphere. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, saying that the United States would act as a police officer to keep order in the region. He intended both to keep European military forces out of the hemisphere and to protect U.S. and European investors, exerting whatever pressure or control on Latin American governments that might be necessary to these ends. In 1905, the Dominican Republic owed $40 million in debts to European lenders. In order to prevent the European nations from using military force to collect their debts, Roosevelt used U.S. power. The United States basically took over collection of Dominican customs taxes, declared that $20 million of the debt was unjustified, and began repayment of the rest. Building a Canal The United States needed a canal through Central America, in order to save shipping time and costs. Colombia had the best location for a canal, and the United States negotiated a deal. It would pay Colombia $10 million for a three-mile-wide strip of land and would make annual rental payments of $250,000 yearly, beginning in 1912. Colombia's Senate turned down the deal, and Roosevelt exploded in rage, calling its members "foolish and homicidal corruptionists." Roosevelt considered seizing the land for the canal by military force but soon found an easier way. The province of Panama seceded from Colombia. A U.S. gunship stood off shore, protecting the Panamanian rebels. They formed a new republic under the protection of the United States. The new country of Panama and the United States agreed on a canal treaty within days. The new treaty had similar terms except that the Canal Zone would be five miles wide, instead of three, and the United States would guarantee and maintain the independence of Panama. Revolutions While Roosevelt welcomed the revolution that separated Panama from Colombia, he opposed most other revolutionary activity. So did his successors in office, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. The U.S. presidents sent troops to put down revolutions in Nicaragua and Haiti, using U.S. military forces to set up new governments in those countries and maintaining military occupations for years. U.S. military interventions were frequent throughout the hemisphere. Dollar Diplomacy President Taft preferred using "dollar diplomacy" to control Latin American countries. In Honduras, for example, U.S.-based banana companies virtually ran the government. Taft supported expanded U.S. investment in South and Central American countries, the Caribbean, and the Far East. He ordered Secretary of State Philander Chase Knox to protect U.S. investments, sending in military troops if necessary. On the World Stage As a world power, the United States did not limit its involvement to the Western Hemisphere. In 1905, President Roosevelt brought Russia and Japan to the negotiating table to end their war over control of Korea and Manchuria. Roosevelt agreed to Japanese annexation of Korea in return for Japan giving up any claim to China, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for settling this dispute. In 1906, Roosevelt's negotiating powers were tested again. This time, he mediated a dispute between the Alliance powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy—with the Entente—France, Russia, and Britain—over control of Morocco. The United States backed France and ended the dispute. No longer an upstart, the United States had taken its place as a world power alongside its former colonial ruler.

English_The Silk Road_Annotation

Annotation/ A brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature Theoretical/ Based on theory, principles, or concepts Conviction/ A strong belief or opinion. Tenacious/Determined and persistent. Valiantly/ In a brave and determined manner. Personable/exhibits warmth, charm, and genuine interest in others, creating an inviting and comfortable atmosphere in social or professional settings Sincerity/ being genuine and authentic Eminent/ famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession Discreet/ careful and circumspect in one's speech or actions Diligent / a word that means hardworking and careful. Sundry / a word that means including many things of different kinds. Apparel/ refers to clothing or attire. Pilgrim/ a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons. boorish/rough and bad-mannered embarked/go on board a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle sovereign/a supreme ruler, especially a monarch chivalry/the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code. Cadet/ One training to be a military officer. Yeoman/ A person who performs menial or low-level work. Saucy/Speaking in a rude or impertinent manner

How can an author's point of view help to convey the story's central idea? Why is following the writing process important in creating good writing? How does the mastery of Standard English conventions apply to your life? What is the importance of understanding the author's purpose? Why do we feel the need to belong?central idea character annotation compare and contrast theme patent grotesque redress stupefied impel niche utterance allusion volition description remorse covet squad impunity instigates fetter depreciate preclude connoisseur context clues ardent singed parsimony appalled

Introduction to genome Re-Sequencing, Indexing the reference genome, Sequence Alignment Tools and its Parameters, Alignment quality Assessment, Exome Enrichment Analysis, Target /Non-Target Enrichment Analysis, Statistical Analysis and genome Visualization, Introduction to Variation Analysis, Variation analysis to identify SNV / MNV / SV, dbSNP Annotation / Variation Effect Prediction, Variation Frequency Analysis, Exome Copy Number Variation Analysis, Data Visualization, Function & Structure based Comparative Genome Analysis.

Here are 40 keywords related to State Succession Theories, categorized for clarity for International Relations students: ### **The Core Theories** 1. Universal Succession 2. Clean Slate Doctrine (Tabula Rasa) 3. Popular Continuity Theory 4. Organic Substitution Theory 5. Self-Abnegation Theory 6. Negative Theory 7. Communist Theory (of Succession) ### **Key Actors and Status** 8. Predecessor State 9. Successor State 10. Continuator State (Continuity) 11. Newly Independent State (NIS) 12. International Legal Personality 13. Sovereignty ### **Types of Succession Events** 14. Decolonization 15. Dissolution (Dismemberment) 16. Secession (Separation) 17. Unification (Merger) 18. Cession (Territory Transfer) 19. Moving Treaty Frontiers (Principle) ### **What is Inherited (Subject Matter)** 20. Treaty Succession 21. Localized Treaties (Dispositive Treaties) 22. Political Treaties 23. State Property (Assets) 24. State Debts (Public Liabilities) 25. Odious Debt 26. State Archives 27. Acquired Rights (*Jura Quaesita*) 28. Nationality (Citizenship Status) 29. Membership in International Organizations (e.g., UN Seat) ### **Legal Frameworks and Principles** 30. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties (1978) 31. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (1983) 32. Customary International Law 33. International Law Commission (ILC) 34. Equity (Equitable Proportion) 35. Unjust Enrichment 36. *Pacta Sunt Servanda* (Sanctity of Treaties) ### **Specific Issues & Historical Context** 37. Devolution Agreements 38. Badinter Commission (Yugoslavia) 39. Extradition Treaties (in succession) 40. Political Offense Exception (in revolutionary succession)

1) abandon – v. give up completely 2) abate – v. lessen 3) abject – adj. completely without pride or dignity 4) aberration – n. deviation from the norm 5) abjure – v. renounce a belief, cause, or claim 6) abnegation – n. renounce or reject something 7) abrogate – v. do away with (a law, right, or responsibility) 8) abscond – v. flee 9) abstruse – adj. dense or obscure 10) abysmal – adj. terrible

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