A 32 year old man is brought to the emergency department because of groin pain. Physical examination shows the patient has a protrusion of the abdominal wall and a diagnosis of an indirect inguinal hernia is made. Which of the following nerves is compressed by the herniating structure in the inguinal canal to result in pain?

A 45 year old man is brought to the emergency department with groin pain. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a palpable, nonreducible mass just superior to the inguinal ligament. The patient is diagnosed with an incarcerated inguinal hernia and is scheduled for surgical repair. During the operation, a loop of intestine is observed passing through the deep inguinal ring. Which of the following types of hernias accurately represents the surgical findings?

 A 45-year-old man comes to the emergency department with severe lower abdominal pain and fever for the past 2 days. His medical history is significant for an unrepaired right indirect inguinal hernia. His temperature is 40°C (102.2°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 98/83 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dusky skin over the right side of the scrotum. The right side of the scrotum is tender to touch and the right cremasteric reflex is absent. A diagnosis of a strangulated hernia is made. Which of the following nerves is responsible for the efferent limb of the cremasteric reflex?

A 63 year old man comes to the emergency department with back pain, weakness and shortness of breath. On examination, he has an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. Which of the following pairs of structures would most likely be compressed?

A 6 year old boy comes to his pediatrician with a lump in the groin near the thigh and pain in the groin. On examination, the physician makes a diagnosis of a direct inguinal hernia because the herniated tissue does which of the following?