First Amendment/Establishment Clause - Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation.

1962 in Tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question

First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - New York Times and Washington Post could print the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment

First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished. Clear and present danger test.

First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/symbolic speech - students' wearing of armbands in support of Vietnam truce did not interrupt school activities, pure speech

Second Amendment - gun laws about schools not related to interstate commerce and not under federal authority

Fourteenth Amendment/Separate is Equal - ruled that railway cars provided were essentially equal so no violation of equal protection.

Fourteenth Amendment/Separate not Equal - Integration of Schools - racial segregation violates the equal protection clause

Establishes the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/interpret the Constitution

Implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause - Creation of the bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause

1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. The case was a problem of reverse discrimination. (Redistricting cannot be based on race!)

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the 8th grade violates the free exercise clause of Amendment I

Held that the 14th Amendment allows for the 2nd Amendment to be applied to the states and citizens have the right to bear arms.

Political spending by corporations and unions is a form of Constitutionally-protected free speech