recognized and represented by an interest group

based on input from free riders

mandated by voting records of interest group members

neither recognized nor represented by an interest group

less successfully used or applied than in America

more successfully used or applied to a greater multitude of objectives than in America

more subject to abuse than in America, where two, but only two, factions have control over the entire scope of government

more subject to abuse than in America

using YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook to generate influence

staging demonstrations, marches, and boycotts

using constituents to lobby Congress on behalf of an issue

building alliances with other groups to enhance their collective effectiveness

indirectly represented, with only little direct voice of their own

largely represented by labor unions

largely represented by business groups

not represented; they intentionally choose to be outsiders

direct technique

material technique

solidary contact

indirect technique

proved largely ineffectual because it provided for public disclosure more than for regulation

reduced the effectiveness of most interest groups

forced many interest groups to abandon attempts to influence the government

ironically caused an increase in the number of lobbyists in Washington, DC

because they have been pressured to do so

for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons

for a sense of belonging

for economic opportunities

are based in the Pacific Northwest, where rainfall is a frequent occurrence

represent certain types of businesses or companies that deal in a particular type of product

use lobbyists, who are said to offer protection for “rainy days”

combine with other types of interest groups, such as public interest groups and professional organizations, in order to achieve their objectives

would greatly increase in number if the Supreme Court reversed itself by extending First Amendment protections to interest groups

are largely irrelevant to the actions of American government

allow for more powerful representation of the opinions of individuals

are disadvantaged by the fact that pressure on government officials can be applied at relatively few points

be ineffective because the legislators know that the activity has been artificially manufactured

be best suited to interest groups that are focused on a single-message, like the National Rifle Association

also incorporate a demonstration or boycott to draw attention to the groups message

require a minimal number of participants to effect considerable change if the message is “on target”

rating voting records of members of Congress and publicizing the results

forming alliances with other groups that are concerned about the same legislation

paying members of Congress to act as consultants

mobilizing the general public to influence the government on issues of concern to them

more farmers are needed today than 40 years ago

farmers are an unsuccessful interest group

geographical dispersion works against the formation of effective interest groups

small percentages of the populace can be effective if they organize

Despotism

Majoritarianism

Minoritarianism

Pluralism

conclusively demonstrates the validity of the pluralist model of our representative democracy

poses problems for our representative democracy because the upper classes often dominate interest groups

is required by the Constitution in Article IV

conclusively demonstrates the validity of the majoritarian model of our representative democracy

Pluralism

Majoritarianism

Hyper-pluralism

Hyper-majoritarianism

Occupy Movement

National Audubon Society

American Civil Liberties Union

American Association of Retired Persons

for reasons of belonging

to receive direct economic benefits

to express their ethical beliefs or personal convictions

to have an impact, politically, economically, or socially on society

important although candidates cannot identify the specific source of any endorsement

relatively unimportant, given the power of political parties

important because groups publicize their choices in their membership publications

violations of campaign finance reform laws

Although foreign corporations are allowed to lobby Congress, they are forbidden by law from hiring former members of Congress to lobby on their behalf.

International and multinational corporations spend millions of dollars each year on lobbying in the United States in an effort to create favorable business and trade conditions.

Royal Dutch Shell, a Netherlands-based oil company, spent almost $3 million in 2011 to lobby the U.S. government.

After 9/11 Saudi Arabia virtually ceased all lobbying efforts in the United States.

“grassroots”

“rifle”

“purposive”

“shotgun”