the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life--- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.

characteristic of farmers or their way of life

highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership

use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors

the cultural landscape of agricultural areas

deals with both the location - allocation process of land uses by farmers, and the spatial organization of agricultural land uses

originated in the hearths of humanity

the cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals

the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food

the rapid transformation, or evolution, into post-humanism

means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

regards a system of agricultural organization whereas farm laborers are not compensated via wages. Rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity

term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology

expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

As one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

the regions in which large amounts of agriculture take place

raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk

In a debt for nature swap, creditors agree to forgive debts in return for the promise of environmental protection; attempt to solve two problems with one agreement: 1) minimize the negative effect debt has on developing nations 2) minimize the environmental destruction that developing nations frequently cause

the spread of an idea from one area to another

a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested

the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining

the processing of raw materials into finished products; manufacturing

transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs

collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital

high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill

changes made to the environment

toxic substances released to kill living things

the wearing away of a fields topsoil by water or the environment

the process of land becoming similar to that of a desert

the use of a lot of labor usually on a small plot of land

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land

the process of cutting down all vegetation and burning it to grow crops. Usually used in tropical areas in shifting cultivation

crop-growing system in the Yucatán peninsula area of Mexico; produces maize, beans, lima beans and squash; the cycle calls for 2 years of cultivation and eight years of letting the area lie fallow

patch of land cleared for planting thorough slashing and burning

continual movement

continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth

mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers

the process of growing crops and raising livestock

factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying; all feed is imported and no crops are grown on the farm

Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering

the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community

the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations

consumer driven agriculture integrated on an international scale

the recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming

the period of each year when crops can be grown

the killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in traditional cultures

farming to supply the minimum food and materials necessary to survive

the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment

a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat

the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

accounts for virtually all olive oil produced worldwide

hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals

the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam

economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services

deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.

a system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capital

a resource that can be used again or cannot be used again

a type of settlement form where people live relatively distant from each other

a relatively dense settlement form

usually made from available resources in the area

the way or shape the village was built; usually has a purpose

conducted pioneering research on the origins and dispersal of plant and animal domestication, was one of the first to propose that the process of domestication was independently invented at many different times and locations

dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, it witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

specializing in certain types of agriculture

maize (corn), wheat, and rice are the most produced grains

a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews

distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals

a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees

a rectangular land division scheme designed to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior

ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time

currently in progress, it has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

replacement of human labor into machines

increase use of chemicals such as pestecides

the Third agricultural revolution has cause mass production of food to prevent widespread famine

class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

commercial gardening and fruit farming

German scholar-farmer who developed the core-periphery model in the nineteenth century