the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

the learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an unpleasant or aversive stimulus

the systematic use of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli

learning that occurs without the opportunity to perform the learned response or be reinforced for it

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response

when rules, rewards or personal boundaries are handed out or enforced inconsistently and occasionally

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

the principle that the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule.

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brains mirroring of another's actions may enable limitation, language, learning, and empathy

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

a stimulus that does not produce a particular response prior to conditioning

learning by observing others

a type of learning that in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

an anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

a stimulus that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

reinforcers, such as monery, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with already established reinforcers. Also callled conditioned reinforcers

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses