openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities

Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Lower part of the pharynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing

Opening between vocal cords

Thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production.

The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women.

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

smallest bronchioles

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Small passages connecting the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar sacs.

is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into the lung.

Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Vessel that surrounds the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli; site of gas exchange in blood

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

Substance produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

easy or normal breathing

shallow or slow respiration

difficult or labored breathing

increase in depth and rate of breathing

very deep, labored breathing (usually associated with diabetic acidosis and renal failure)

a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea

deep and rapid breathing that lowers blood CO2 levels

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs that increases CO2 levels

7.35-7.45

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

chemoreceptors located in the carotid artery; respond to changes in arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH

Chemoreceptors located in the arch of the aorta that are capable of detecting changes in arterial PO2 and CO2

carbon dioxide

air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull

Nasal Sinus located between the nose and the orbits.

sinus above and behind the nose

sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes

Sinus located in the forehead of the skull

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

the area between the parietal and visceral pleurae

breathing in (inhalation)

breathing out (exhalation)

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

This nerve carries impulses to the diaphragm from the brain.

located in the medulla oblongata, sends impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

voice production

creation of an artificial opening into the trachea

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli

Cartilage that prevents the trachea from collapsing