a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity

In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

A dispersion of people from their homeland

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hemisphere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

The world's largest sea-based system of communication and trade before 1500ce

route across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

Wanted Caliph to be a political and religious leader and be descended from Muhammad.

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.

seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

the church that followed the Eastern traditions of Christianity as opposed to the Western traditions

A Native Indian culture that flourished in the modern day midwest. They resided in the Mississippi river valley

Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

skilled workers who make goods by hand

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

A canal linking northern and southern China

Division of an empire into organized provinces to make it easier to control

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha

"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism, a tradition of Buddhism that teaches that people can use special techniques to harness spiritual energy and can achieve nirvana in a single lifetime

Combining several religious traditions

emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time

A married couple and their unmarried children living together.

having more than one wife at a time

1250-1517 Egypt that worked to facilitate trade of cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Founder of Islam

Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries that fought for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life

a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

The most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.

1336-1646 "the victorious city" in Southern Asia

These were several different kingdoms shown in India before the time of the British. The Rajputs had their own culture, but the country was clearly divided in many ways. Wealth, Sexism, and Warrior-like honor is emphasized.

(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.

670-1025 was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. Built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China

1293-1520 based on java had 98 tributaries, sustained its power by controlling sea routes. Was Buddhist.

roots in the arrival of early merchants from north India, became the center of Buddhist study and home to many monasteries

Center of Cambodia. Prospered because of it's successful cultivation of rice.

I1431 invaded Angkor Wat

to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause

An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.

Highest stone tower in India

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

were the people who were later called Aztecs

A government controlled by religious leaders

Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

a Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Relation between two or more people that is based on common ancestry or marriage

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

A series of revolts by slaves working on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, led by Ali bin Muhammad

East Africa -> Middle East & India, similar conditions to the Atlantic Slave Trade, cultural diffusion

leader

Nigeria, people of the Hausa ethnic group formed seven states that connected though kinship ties, but no central authority.

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

a country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

England's chief law-making body. It was a key institution in the development of representative democracy as it provided some voice and recognition of the rights and interests of various groups in society. It was involved in creating taxes and passing laws. It is similar to our Congress in the United States (which passes laws).

Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land

an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Merchant class town dwellers

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

The social classes in France

10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

A disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII about who should appoint church officials.

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Prejudice against Jews

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

the hinged plate at the back and bottom of a boat, used for steering

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.

a central trading point where the Eastern and Western Silk Roads met.

During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential capital city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs.

inn or rest station for caravans

an economic system based on money rather than barter

Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.

issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, thus freeing him from traveling with gold, which was easily stolen

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

A Mongol ruler

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257

Hulegu's kingdom in Central Asia

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats.

founded the Ming dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

A high desert in China and Mongolia.

A device that is designed to break or circumvent city walls and other fortifications such as a castle

a big gun, especially one mounted on a base or wheels

Alphabet for Mongols and Mongolia today.

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.

dominated trade along the east African coast

Great spice port of India where da Gama landed and traded

-Strait of Malacca

connected East Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia with China and Japan

a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.

a small piece of wood in the back so that you can steer a large vessel more effectively.

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

Green areas fed by underground water

A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia. Best insight that points to a mid. class female experience in the Middle Ages.

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

Capital of the Byzantine Empire

the introduction of a new food crop about 400 CE encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa.

Cash crop that was wildly successful

Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

Destruction of forests

wearing away of surface soil by water and wind

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions; turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China.

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Persian word for king

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

social groups into which people are born and cannot change

the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland.

Son of Selim the Grim and fourth of the great sultans, known for the splendor of his court and cultural achievements; was the most powerful ruler in the world during his time

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government.

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

complete; totally unlimited; certain

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.

Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.

shogun who unified Japan

Change in Samurai role; period of time in Japan in which everything was stable and peaceful

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.

Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Agents who purchased from the crown the rights to collect taxes in a particular district.

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Russian nobles

Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

The selling of church offices

A body created by Peter to make decisions for the Church

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenberg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

destiny; fate; decided beforehand

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Church of England, was still mainly Catholic until Henry's son made it Protestant, he dies and Mary Tudor makes it Catholic and kills many Protestants, then Elizabeth takes over and makes it a combination of Protestant and Catholic

Islamic law

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Rivalry between the omani and the Europeans in the Indian Ocean.

science or art of making maps

Any map of the stars and galaxies

empires based on sea travel

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

16th Century. Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

a large sailing ship used especially by the Spanish in the 1500s and 1600s

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Africa.

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

a disease that causes a high fever and often death

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

A small tree on which cocoa beans grow

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

slave trade from east coast of Africa to America

Portuguese term for sugar cane mill and the associated facilities

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

African empire established along the Gold Coast among Akan people

Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders.

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas

Included slavery, indentured servitude, serfdom, and other coercive labor systems in the Americas.

landed estates granted to conquistadors

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.

representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

the powerful slave trading empire of the Yoruba ethnic group in west and north central Nigeria

Central African kingdom that ruled during the 1400s

A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

A large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

This Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period

communes in which land was dolled out to groups of people and shared

17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.

Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.

Escaped slave, united all the maroons of the island, and a national hero of Jamaica

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

(1689-1694) This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.

a member of a group of Pequot Indians that broke with the Pequot and then fought against them in the Pequot War

First Native-American group to take a major stand against colonists

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (1675-1676)

unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon settlements and the British after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.

1663 Virginia enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor.

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

Suleiman's wife; tricked him into killing Mustafa and his son

Han Chinese General that orchestrated three separate massacres in Jaiding.

Han Chinese defector massacred the entire population of Jiangyin, killing thousands.

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Russian noble

A high-ranking social class

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Spaniards born in the New World

middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain

Jews whose traditions originated in central and eastern Europe

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

believed government should have separation of powers

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Philosophy that discourages revolutionary change but instead favors slow, gradual change. Dislikes large government.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Emphasizes freedom, democracy, and the importance of the individual.

The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

Movement to end slavery

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Intellectuals and theorists in the early 19th century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation

Utopian socialist who wanted a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Liberty! Equality! Fraternity! Chant used by French Revolutionaries.

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Puerto Rican poet who supported Cuban independence.

reform movement

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Italian nationalist movement

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

This was a concept that believed that it could solve the social issues that the empire was facing. it promoted equality among religions. This was a nationalist movement within islam.

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea

A machine that could spin several threads at once

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

inventor of the spinning jenny

Invented the water frame

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Invented the cotton gin

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

the basic material from which a product is made.

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent.

A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material

Invented the telephone

invented the radio

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

A liquid fossil fuel formed from marine organisms that is burned to obtain energy and used in the manufacture of plastics.

a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan

allowed cloth to be made more quickly

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

working class

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Any of a group of elder male politicians of Japan who were formerly advisers to the emperor.

(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model

handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman sultan

Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions.

1861-1895. A period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty, however, government did not fully support it so it failed

in 1898, he implemented a series of reforms such as: westernized government, schools & military

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

the dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion