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Quiz by pascale Leboucher
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I Suivre les ventes et les livraisons La plupart du temps, les commandes des clients vont dĂ©clencher les rĂšglements. RĂ©ceptionner les commandes et les traiter rigoureusement est donc une activitĂ© essentielle pour la PME. 1. La rĂ©ception de la commande Avant de traiter la commande, il est important quâelle soit vĂ©rifiĂ©e pour optimiser la relation client et Ă©viter les erreurs. Les points de contrĂŽle sont : 2. Le traitement de la commande Les documents Ă gĂ©nĂ©rer sur le PGI sont : 3. Le suivi de la commande Le suivi permet Ă lâentreprise de surveiller la progression de lâensemble des commandes. Lâentreprise peut ainsi crĂ©er un tableau de suivi visuel lui permettant dâanticiper les problĂšmes de livraison. Voici un exemple : 4. Lâorganisation et le suivi des livraisons Livrer, câest mettre Ă la disposition du client les produits commandĂ©s Ă la date prĂ©vue et au lieu convenu. Lâentreprise peut dĂ©cider de livrer elle-mĂȘme out de faire appel Ă un transporteur : âą La prise en charge de la livraison par le fournisseur La PME organise le planning et la tournĂ©e des livreurs en tenant compte des attentes du client, du temps de trajet et du volume Ă livrer. Elle utilise pour chaque Ă©tape le bon de livraison. Un exemplaire est conservĂ© par lâentreprise et un exemplaire sera laissĂ© au client lors de la livraison. âą La prise en charge de la livraison via un transporteur Le suivi de la livraison : Le contrat gĂ©nĂ©ral de vente permet dâanticiper les problĂšmes et de limiter les contestations (retards de livraison). Les frais de transport doivent donc figurer sur le bon de livraison. Trois type de frais existent : âȘ franco de port : âȘ port dĂ» : Certains transporteurs offrent la possibilitĂ© de suivre les expĂ©ditions sur leur site Web. II Facturer, suivre les rĂšglements et les relances clients 1. La facture A chaque Ă©tape du processus de vente, divers documents sont créés. Le dernier document du processus est la facture. Elle indique le paiement Ă faire au client et prouve la vente : facture de doit. Chaque facture portant une date et un numĂ©ro unique, une fois Ă©mise, il nâest donc plus possible de lâannuler ou la modifier .Sâil se passe un Ă©vĂšnement aprĂšs lâĂ©dition, on devra alors Ă©mettre un avoir. Le processus peut se schĂ©matiser ainsi : 2. La prĂ©sentation dâune facture La facture est Ă©tablit en double exemplaire et doit ĂȘtre conservĂ©e pendant 10 ans. Elle rĂ©sulte dâune obligation lĂ©gale et se matĂ©rialise par un enregistrement comptable. Quelques rĂšgles sont Ă respecter : 3. Les Ă©lĂ©ments Ă contrĂŽler sur la facture Il est nĂ©cessaire de vĂ©rifier les mentions obligatoires afin dâĂ©viter les rĂ©clamations clients. Si elle est conforme, elle est envoyĂ©e au client et transmise au service comptabilitĂ© pour lâenregistrement. Les Ă©lĂ©ments Ă vĂ©rifier sont : 4. Les aspects fiscaux liĂ©s aux ventes : le mĂ©canisme de TVA Lâenregistrement des ventes doit se faire dans le respect des rĂšgles fiscales relatives Ă la TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutĂ©e) Il existe 4 taux principaux de TVA en France : Certaines activitĂ©s et certains territoires sont exonĂ©rĂ©s de TVA. âą Le taux de TVA intermĂ©diaire de 10 % sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s suivantes : Restauration (pour consommation immĂ©diate) Aide Ă la personne HĂ©bergement et transport Produits agricoles non transformĂ©s et bois de chauffage MĂ©dicaments non remboursĂ©s Travaux et rĂ©paration pour les logements anciens (plus de deux ans) MusĂ©es et zoos âą Le taux de TVA rĂ©duit Ă 5.5 % sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s et produits suivants : Produits alimentaires de premiĂšre nĂ©cessitĂ© Fourniture de chaleur produite Ă partir dâĂ©nergies renouvelables Livres (y compris numĂ©riques) Billetterie de spectacle vivant Restauration pour les cantines scolaire Ăquipements pour personnes handicapĂ©es Travaux dâamĂ©lioration Ă©nergĂ©tique des logements de plus de 2 ans âą Le taux de TVA spĂ©cifique Ă 2,1% sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s suivantes : MĂ©dicaments remboursĂ©s par la SĂ©curitĂ© sociale Publications de presse Billetterie de certains spectacles et cinĂ©mas Animaux vivants de boucherie et de charcuterie vendus Ă des non-assujettis âą Les activitĂ©s suivantes sont exonĂ©rĂ©es de TVA (0%) : PĂȘche en mer Certaines Ćuvres non lucratives Ă caractĂšre social ou philanthropique ActivitĂ©s mĂ©dicales et paramĂ©dicales Enseignement et formation Livraison ou rĂ©cupĂ©ration de dĂ©chets Le principe de la TVA pour les entreprises : Afin de bien rĂ©aliser les Ă©critures comptables, il est important de diffĂ©rencier la TVA dĂ©ductible de la TVA collectĂ©e : Une crĂ©ance client est enregistrĂ©e en dĂ©bit alors que la vente de marchandises de lâentreprise est enregistrĂ©e en crĂ©dit. 5. Les Ă©critures comptables relatives aux ventes Les diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments dâune facture doivent ĂȘtre enregistrĂ©s dans le journal et dans les comptes de lâentreprise. Si lâentreprise dispose dâun PGI, le devis gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement la commande. La commande gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement le bon de livraison qui gĂ©nĂšre la facture. La facture gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement les Ă©critures comptables au journal. Exemple de visualisation dâĂ©criture comptable sur le PGI : 6. La mise en place dâun suivi efficace des rĂšglements Le suivi des comptes clients permet de connaitre lâĂ©tat des crĂ©ances Ă tout moment. La relance remplit plusieurs objectifs : Les outils les plus utilisĂ©s dans cette dĂ©marche sont lâĂ©chĂ©ancier (il liste les crĂ©ances en attente de rĂšglement avec peu de dĂ©tails) et la balance ĂągĂ©e (elle prĂ©sente les soldes de crĂ©ances de maniĂšre plus visuelle avec une ligne par client). Exemples : EchĂ©ancier Balance ĂągĂ©e Lâentreprise peut Ă©galement pointer les crĂ©ances afin de faire ressortir les crĂ©ances impayĂ©es (lettrage des comptes). Enfin, compte tenu des enjeux pour les entreprises dâobtenir les rĂšglements dans des dĂ©lais raisonnables, elles mettent en place un vĂ©ritable processus de relance qui doit respecter les Ă©tapes suivantes : AprĂšs avoir pris connaissance du processus de relance, il devient nĂ©cessaire de crĂ©er un tableau de relance des impayĂ©s pour relancer les clients efficacement. Exemple : Tableau de relances des impayĂ©s : Enfin, il faudra relancer les clients par tĂ©lĂ©phone, mail ou courrier pour obtenir les sommes dues via des relances automatisĂ©es. Exemple de mise en demeure automatisĂ©e envoyĂ©e en recommandĂ© :
1. Laquelle des formes juridiques suivantes offre la meilleure protection du patrimoine personnel de l'entrepreneur ? a) Entreprise individuelle b) SociĂ©tĂ© c) Association de fait d) Aucune de ces rĂ©ponses 2. Quel est l'inconvĂ©nient majeur de l'entreprise individuelle ? a) DifficultĂ© de crĂ©ation b) RĂ©gime fiscal complexe c) ResponsabilitĂ© illimitĂ©e de l'entrepreneur d) ImpossibilitĂ© d'avoir des employĂ©s 3. Laquelle des affirmations suivantes concernant la sociĂ©tĂ© est vraie ? a) Elle n'a pas d'existence juridique propre. b) Le patrimoine des associĂ©s est confondu avec celui de la sociĂ©tĂ©. c) Elle peut poursuivre ses activitĂ©s mĂȘme aprĂšs le dĂ©cĂšs d'un associĂ©. d) Elle est toujours soumise Ă l'impĂŽt sur le revenu des personnes physiques. 4. Dans une association de fait, que se passe-t-il en cas de mauvaise gestion financiĂšre de l'un des associĂ©s ? a) Seul l'associĂ© responsable est tenu de rembourser les dettes. b) Tous les associĂ©s sont solidairement responsables des dettes. c) L'association est automatiquement dissoute. d) Un tribunal dĂ©signe un administrateur judiciaire pour gĂ©rer les finances. 5. Lequel des Ă©lĂ©ments suivants est un avantage de la sociĂ©tĂ© par rapport Ă l'entreprise individuelle ? a) SimplicitĂ© de crĂ©ation et de gestion b) ResponsabilitĂ© limitĂ©e des associĂ©s c) ContrĂŽle total et dĂ©cisions unilatĂ©rales d) FiscalitĂ© moins avantageuse 6. Qu'est-ce qu'une personne morale ? a) Un individu exerçant une activitĂ© commerciale en son nom propre b) Une entitĂ© juridique distincte de ses membres, dotĂ©e de droits et d'obligations c) Un contrat par lequel deux personnes s'engagent Ă mettre en commun des biens ou leur travail d) Une forme d'entreprise rĂ©servĂ©e aux professions libĂ©rales 7. Laquelle des affirmations suivantes est vraie concernant l'association de fait ? a) Elle nĂ©cessite la crĂ©ation d'une personne morale. b) Elle offre une protection du patrimoine personnel des participants. c) Elle peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme une entreprise si elle verse des bĂ©nĂ©fices Ă ses membres. d) Elle est soumise aux mĂȘmes obligations comptables que les sociĂ©tĂ©s. 8. Quel est l'un des avantages de la sociĂ©tĂ© en matiĂšre de continuitĂ© d'activitĂ© ? a) Elle est dissoute automatiquement au dĂ©cĂšs de son fondateur. b) Elle peut ĂȘtre facilement transmise aux hĂ©ritiers en cas de dĂ©cĂšs d'un associĂ©. c) Elle cesse son activitĂ© si un associĂ© dĂ©cide de se retirer. d) Elle doit ĂȘtre liquidĂ©e en cas d'incapacitĂ© de travail d'un associĂ©. 9. Lequel des critĂšres suivants peut influencer le choix entre une entreprise individuelle et une sociĂ©tĂ© ? a) Le montant du capital initial b) Le nombre d'employĂ©s c) Le secteur d'activitĂ© d) La volontĂ© de protĂ©ger son patrimoine personnel 10. Quel est l'un des risques majeurs liĂ©s Ă l'absence de sĂ©paration des patrimoines dans l'entreprise individuelle ? a) La responsabilitĂ© limitĂ©e de l'entrepreneur b) La saisie du patrimoine personnel en cas de dettes de l'entreprise c) L'impossibilitĂ© de dĂ©duire les charges professionnelles de ses revenus d) La difficultĂ© d'obtenir un financement bancaire
EVALUER LE RISQUE CLIENT I Les enjeux liĂ©s au risque client II la prise de renseignements pendant la phase commerciale III LâĂ©valuation de la solvabilitĂ© dâun prospect ou client 1. A partir du bilan comptable 2. A lâaide dâindicateurs internes IV Les outils dâĂ©valuation des risques I Les enjeux liĂ©s au risque client 1. DĂ©finition et critĂšres de risques On entend par risque client lâensemble des situations dans lesquelles le client pourrait compromettre la pĂ©rennitĂ© du fournisseur. Quelques critĂšres permettent de repĂ©rer le risque client : - la taille et lâĂąge de lâentreprise - le produit quâelle propose, - son client avec ses propres clients (la sous traitance par exemple induit un lien de dĂ©pendance) - le secteur sur lequel elle Ă©volue - la concurrence quâelle subit - et le montant de ses disponibilitĂ©s On peut ainsi rĂ©partir les degrĂ©s de risque : 2. Les impayĂ©s clients : premiĂšre cause de faillite des entreprises Par principe, lâentreprise dĂ©pense avant dâencaisser. En accordant des dĂ©lais de paiement, elle se prive de trĂ©sorerie. Elle a alors un besoin en fonds de roulement (BFR), c'est-Ă -dire besoin de disposer dâune trĂ©sorerie dâavance. Tout retard de paiement engendre donc une augmentation du BFR que lâentreprise nâest parfois plus en Ă©tat de couvrir (dĂ©couvert bancaire).Lorsque le client est insolvable, câest un manque de trĂ©sorerie qui pĂšse sur lâentreprise et donc sur sa pĂ©rennitĂ©. La PME limite donc les risques si certains de ses clients payent comptant. Les entreprises activent donc plusieurs stratĂ©gies pour faire face Ă leurs impayĂ©s : 29% gĂšrent les relances en interne, 24% nĂ©gocient des facilitĂ©s de caisse avec leur banque et 19% nĂ©gocient avec les fournisseurs. II la prise de renseignements pendant la phase commerciale Lâentreprise qui souhaite conclure un contrat avec un prospect professionnel peut consulter un certain nombre de documents disponibles auprĂšs dâorganismes. Les organismes les plus sollicitĂ©s sont : - la greffe du tribunal de commerce : elle dĂ©livre gratuitement des informations sur les entreprises immatriculĂ©es au registre du commerce et des sociĂ©tĂ©s telles que les statuts, les comptes annuels, lâĂ©tat dâendettement, lâextrait kbis. L'extrait Kbis reprĂ©sente la vĂ©ritable « carte d'identitĂ© » Ă jour d'une entreprise immatriculĂ©e au Registre du Commerce et des SociĂ©tĂ©s (RCS). - les sociĂ©tĂ©s spĂ©cialisĂ©es fournissent des informations commerciales et financiĂšres, des documents comptables et des analyses payantes permettant de vĂ©rifier lâĂ©tat de santĂ© des entreprises : - les cabinets de recouvrement et sociĂ©tĂ©s dâassurance : ils rĂ©alisent des enquĂȘtes de solvabilitĂ© et Ă©mettent un avis sur le risque de dĂ©faillance sous forme de score ou de note. - Les banques : les entreprises sont notĂ©es par les banques. La cotation de la banque mesure la capacitĂ© de lâentreprise Ă honorer ses engagements financiers sur 3 ans. GrĂące Ă cette cotation, la PME peut ainsi , par lâintermĂ©diaire de la banque, vĂ©rifier si le prospect ou client est solide financiĂšrement. III LâĂ©valuation de la solvabilitĂ© dâun prospect ou client La solvabilitĂ© correspond Ă la capacitĂ© de lâentreprise Ă faire face Ă ses engagements Ă long terme. Lâentreprise est solvable si la valeur de ses actifs (immobilisations, crĂ©ances, stocks et disponibilitĂ©s) est supĂ©rieure Ă ses emprunts et dettes. Une entreprise peut ĂȘtre solvable mais peut manquer de liquiditĂ©s, c'est-Ă -dire dâargent disponible au quotidien. La liquidĂ© mesure donc la capacitĂ© de lâentreprise Ă faire face Ă ses engagements Ă court terme. 1. A partir du bilan comptable Le bilan comptable fournit des indications sur la santĂ© financiĂšre de lâentreprise prospect Les dĂ©finitions que vous devez maitriser : âą Pour lâactif : Câest quoi une Immobilisation ? La notion d'immobilisation intĂšgre l'ensemble des biens durables dĂ©tenus par une entreprise sur plus d'un exercice comptable et qui ne sont pas destinĂ©s Ă la revente. Les immobilisations financiĂšres correspondent aux actifs financiers d'utilisation durable possĂ©dĂ©s par l'entreprise. Il s'agit notamment des titres de participation, des prĂȘts accordĂ©s⊠Les immobilisations incorporelles comprennent les frais d'Ă©tablissement, les frais de recherche et dĂ©veloppement, les concessions, brevets, licences, marques, logiciels et autres droits similaires, le droit au bail, le fonds commercial. Une immobilisation corporelle correspond Ă un actif physique que lâentreprise entend utiliser au-delĂ de la clĂŽture de lâexercice comptable en cours : les terrains, les constructions, lâagencement et les installations gĂ©nĂ©rales, lâoutillage, le matĂ©riel, les vĂ©hicules, le mobilier et les Ă©quipements informatiques. Que signifie disponibilitĂ©s ? Le poste "DisponibilitĂ©s" est constituĂ© des montants dĂ©tenus en caisse (piĂšces et billets que l'entreprise possĂšde) et des avoirs en banque (argent dĂ©tenu sur les comptes bancaires de l'entreprise). On utilise Ă©galement le terme de trĂ©sorerie. Câest quoi une valeur mobiliĂšre de placement ? Ce sont des titres financiers, actions ou obligations. En comptabilitĂ©, elles correspondent aux excĂ©dents de trĂ©sorerie placĂ©s par l'entreprise. âą Pour le passif : Que signifie capitaux propres ? Les capitaux propres sont les ressources financiĂšres que possĂšde l'entreprise Le capital social dâune entreprise est Ă©gal au montant total des apports de biens et dâargent des associĂ©s Que signifie rĂ©serves ? Cumul des bĂ©nĂ©fices des exercices antĂ©rieurs qui n'ont pas Ă©tĂ© redistribuĂ©s aux propriĂ©taires de l'entreprise, ni intĂ©grĂ©s dans son capital Que signifie rĂ©sultat ? Il correspond aux ressources restantes Ă l'entreprise une fois les charges dĂ©duites du chiffre d'affaires. 2 A lâaide dâindicateurs internes Une entreprise manque souvent de temps et de moyens pour suivre lâensemble des ses encours clients. Toutefois, il est nĂ©cessaire dâanalyser rĂ©guliĂšrement certains supports pour anticiper les problĂšmes de trĂ©sorerie. Elle peut - analyser son portefeuille clients via la mĂ©thode ABC (vu dans un chapitre prĂ©cĂ©dent), - prendre du recul sur les retards de paiement : le service comptable signale les retards de paiement ou les demandes rĂ©guliĂšres de report dâĂ©chĂ©ances. La balance ĂągĂ©e permet de visualiser les clients Ă relancer Exemple : - mettre en place des indicateurs de suivi des impayĂ©s via un tableau Excel Exemple : IV Les outils dâĂ©valuation des risques Les entreprises peuvent se procurer des logiciels dĂ©diĂ©s au risque client mais il sont souvent trĂšs complexes Ă utiliser. Certaines entreprises utilisent le crĂ©dit management : câest lâensemble des procĂ©dures financiĂšres ou juridiques visant Ă optimiser le chiffre dâaffaires de lâentreprise en accĂ©lĂ©rant les rĂšglements clients. Une des mĂ©thodes de crĂ©dit management sâappelle la mĂ©thode des points de risque. Elle consiste Ă classer les clients selon leur risque afin de leur fixer des modalitĂ©s de paiement adaptĂ©s. Elle permet donc dâĂ©valuer les risques de coopĂ©ration et de se prĂ©munir au cas par cas. Exemple de tableau des points de risque
MYTH The British helped the Jews displace the native Arab population of Palestine. FACT Herbert Samuel, a British Jew who served as the first High Commissioner of Palestine, placed restrictions on Jewish immigration âin the âinterests of the present populationâ and the âabsorptive capacityâ of the country.â1 The influx of Jewish settlers was said to force the Arab fellahin (native peasants) from their land. This was when less than a million people lived in an area that now supports more than nine million. The British limited the absorptive capacity of Palestine when, in 1921, Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill severed nearly four-fifths of Palestineâsome thirty-five thousand square milesâto create a new Arab entity, Transjordan. As a consolation prize for the Hejaz and Arabia (which are both now Saudi Arabia) going to the Saud family, Churchill rewarded Sharif Husseinâs son Abdullah for his contribution to the war against Turkey by installing him as Transjordanâs emir. The British went further and placed restrictions on Jewish land purchases in what remained of Palestine. By 1949, the British had allotted 87,500 acres of the 187,500 acres of cultivable land to Arabs and only 4,250 acres to Jews. This contradicted Article 6 of the Mandate which stated that âthe Administration of PalestineâŠshall encourage, in cooperation with the Jewish AgencyâŠclose settlement by Jews on the land, including State lands and waste lands not acquired for public purposes.â2 Ultimately, the British admitted that the argument about the countryâs absorptive capacity was specious. The Peel Commission said, âThe heavy immigration in the years 1933â36 would seem to show that the Jews have been able to enlarge the absorptive capacity of the country for Jews.â3 MYTH The British allowed Jews to flood Palestine while Arab immigration was tightly controlled. FACT The British response to Jewish immigration set a precedent of appeasing the Arabs, which was followed for the duration of the Mandate. The British restricted Jewish immigration while allowing Arabs to enter the country freely. Apparently, London did not feel that a flood of Arab immigrants would affect the countryâs âabsorptive capacity.â During World War I, the Jewish population in Palestine declined because of the war, famine, disease, and expulsion by the Turks. In 1915, approximately 83,000 Jews lived in Palestine among 590,000 Muslim and Christian Arabs. According to the 1922 census, the Jewish population was 83,000, while the Arabs numbered 643,000.4 Thus, the Arab population grew exponentially while that of the Jews stagnated. In the mid-1920s, Jewish immigration to Palestine increased primarily because of anti-Jewish economic legislation in Poland and Washingtonâs imposition of restrictive quotas.5 The record number of immigrants in 1935 (see table) was a response to the growing persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. The British administration considered this number too large, however, so the Jewish Agency was informed that less than one-third of the quota it asked for would be approved in 1936.6 The British gave in further to Arab demands by announcing in the 1939 White Paper that an independent Arab state would be created within ten years and that Jewish immigration was to be limited to 75,000 for the next five years, after which it was to cease altogether. It also forbade land sales to Jews in 95% of the territory of Palestine. The Arabs, nevertheless, rejected the proposal. Jewish Immigration to Palestine7 1919 1,806 1931 4,075 1920 8,223 1932 12,533 1921 8,294 1933 37,337 1922 8,685 1934 45,267 1923 8,175 1935 66,472 1924 13,892 1936 29,595 1925 34,386 1937 10,629 1926 13,855 1938 14,675 1927 3,034 1939 31,195 1928 2,178 1940 10,643 1929 5,249 1941 4,592 1930 4,944 By contrast, throughout the Mandatory period, Arab immigration was unrestricted. In 1930, the Hope Simpson Commission, sent from London to investigate the 1929 Arab riots, said the British practice of ignoring the uncontrolled illegal Arab immigration from Egypt, Transjordan, and Syria had the effect of displacing the prospective Jewish immigrants.8 The British governor of the Sinai from 1922 to 1936 observed, âThis illegal immigration was not only going on from the Sinai, but also from Transjordan and Syria, and it is very difficult to make a case out for the misery of the Arabs if at the same time their compatriots from adjoining states could not be kept from going in to share that misery.â9 The Peel Commission reported in 1937 that the âshortfall of land isâŠdue less to the amount of land acquired by Jews than to the increase in the Arab population.â10 MYTH The British changed their policy to allow Holocaust survivors to settle in Palestine. FACT The gates of Palestine remained closed for the duration of the war, stranding hundreds of thousands of Jews in Europe, many of whom became victims of Hitlerâs âFinal Solution.â After the war, the British refused to allow the survivors of the Nazi nightmare to find sanctuary in Palestine. On June 6, 1946, President Truman urged the British government to relieve the suffering of the Jews confined to displaced persons camps in Europe by immediately accepting 100,000 Jewish immigrants. Britainâs foreign minister Ernest Bevin replied sarcastically that the United States wanted displaced Jews to immigrate to Palestine âbecause they did not want too many of them in New York.â11 Some Jews reached Palestine, many smuggled in on dilapidated ships organized by the Haganah. Between August 1945 and the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, sixty-five âillegalâ immigrant ships, carrying 69,878 people, arrived from European shores. In August 1946, however, the British began to intern those they caught in camps on Cyprus. Approximately 50,000 people were detained in the camps, and 28,000 remained imprisoned when Israel declared independence.12 MYTH As the Jewish population grew, the plight of the Palestinian Arabs worsened. FACT In July 1921, Hasan Shukri, the mayor of Haifa and president of the Muslim National Associations, sent a telegram to the British government in reaction to a delegation of Palestinians that went to London to try to stop the implementation of the Balfour Declaration. Shukri wrote: We are certain that without Jewish immigration and financial assistance there will be no future development of our country as may be judged from the fact that the towns inhabited in part by Jews such as Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, and Tiberias are making steady progress while Nablus, Acre, and Nazareth where no Jews reside are steadily declining.13 The Jewish population increased by 470,000 between World War I and World War II, while the non-Jewish population rose by 588,000.14 The permanent Arab population increased by 120% between 1922 and 1947.15 This rapid growth of the Arab population was a result of several factors. One was immigration from neighboring statesâconstituting 37% of the total immigration to pre-state Israelâby Arabs who wanted to take advantage of the higher standard of living the Jews had made possible.16 The Arab population also grew because of the improved living conditions created by the Jews as they drained malarial swamps and brought improved sanitation and health care to the region. Thus, for example, the Muslim infant mortality rate fell from 201 per thousand in 1925 to 94 per thousand in 1945, and life expectancy rose from 37 years in 1926 to 49 in 1943.17 The Arab population increased the most in cities where large Jewish populations had created new economic opportunities. From 1922â1947, the non-Jewish population increased by 290% in Haifa, 131% in Jerusalem, and 158% in Jaffa. The growth in Arab towns was more modest: 42% in Nablus, 78% in Jenin, and 37% in Bethlehem.18 MYTH Jews stole Arab land. FACT Despite the growth in their population, the Arabs continued to assert they were being displaced. From the beginning of World War I, however, part of Palestineâs land was owned by absentee landlords who lived in Cairo, Damascus, and Beirut. About 80% of the Palestinian Arabs were debt-ridden peasants, semi-nomads, and Bedouins.19 Jews went out of their way to avoid purchasing land in areas where Arabs might be displaced. They sought land that was largely uncultivated, swampy, cheap, andâmost importantâwithout tenants. In 1920, Labor Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion expressed his concern about the Arab fellahin, whom he viewed as âthe most important asset of the native population.â He insisted that âunder no circumstances must we touch land belonging to fellahs or worked by them.â Instead, he advocated helping liberate them from their oppressors. âOnly if a fellah leaves his place of settlement,â Ben-Gurion added, âshould we offer to buy his land, at an appropriate price.â20 Jews only began to purchase cultivated land after buying all the uncultivated territory. Many Arabs were willing to sell because of the migration to coastal towns and because they needed money to invest in the citrus industry.21 When John Hope Simpson arrived in Palestine in May 1930, he observed, âThey [the Jews] paid high prices for the land and, in addition, they paid to certain of the occupants of those lands a considerable amount of money which they were not legally bound to pay.â22 In 1931, Lewis French conducted a survey of landlessness for the British government and offered new plots to any Arabs who had been âdispossessed.â British officials received more than 3,000 applications, of which 80% were ruled invalid by the governmentâs legal adviser because the applicants were not landless Arabs. This left only about 600 landless Arabs, 100 of whom accepted the government land offer.23 In April 1936, a new outbreak of Arab attacks on Jews was instigated by local Palestinian leaders who were later joined by Arab volunteers led by a Syrian guerrilla named Fawzi al-Qawuqji, the commander of the Arab Liberation Army. By November, when the British finally sent a new commission headed by Lord Peel to investigate, 89 Jews had been killed and more than 300 wounded.24 The Peel Commissionâs report found that Arab complaints about Jewish land acquisition were baseless. It pointed out that âmuch of the land now carrying orange groves was sand dunes or swamp and uncultivated when it was purchasedâŠThere was at the time of the earlier sales little evidence that the owners possessed either the resources or training needed to develop the land.â25 Moreover, the Commission found the shortage was âdue less to the amount of land acquired by Jews than to the increase in the Arab population.â The report concluded that the presence of Jews in Palestine, along with the work of the British administration, had resulted in higher wages, an improved standard of living, and ample employment opportunities.26 It is made quite clear to all, both by the map drawn up by the Simpson Commission and by another compiled by the Peel Commission, that the Arabs are as prodigal in selling their land as they are in useless wailing and weeping (emphasis in the original). âTransjordanâs king Abdullah27 Even at the height of the Arab revolt in 1938 (which began in April 1936 with the murder of two Jews by Arabs and the subsequent murder of two Arab workers by members of the Jewish underground28), the British high commissioner to Palestine believed the Arab landowners were complaining about sales to Jews to drive up prices for lands they wished to sell. Many Arab landowners had been so terrorized by Arab rebels they decided to leave Palestine and sell their property to the Jews.29 The Jews paid exorbitant prices to wealthy landowners for small tracts of arid land. âIn 1944, Jews paid between $1,000 and $1,100 per acre in Palestine, mostly for arid or semiarid land; in the same year, rich black soil in Iowa was selling for about $110 per acre.â30 By 1947, Jewish holdings in Palestine amounted to about 463,000 acres. Approximately 45,000 were acquired from the mandatory government, 30,000 were bought from various churches, and 387,500 were purchased from Arabs. Analyses of land purchases from 1880 to 1948 show that 73% of Jewish plots were purchased from large landowners, not poor fellahin.31 Many leaders of the Arab nationalist movement, including members of the Muslim Supreme Council, and the mayors of Gaza, Jerusalem, and s sold land to the Jews. Asâad el-Shuqeiri, a Muslim religious scholar and father of Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Ahmed Shuqeiri, took Jewish money for his land. Even King Abdullah leased land to the Jews.32 MYTH The British helped the Palestinians to live peacefully with the Jews. FACT In 1921, Haj Amin el-Husseini first began to organize fedayeen (âone who sacrifices himselfâ) to terrorize Jews. El-Husseini hoped to duplicate the success of Kemal AtatĂŒrk in Turkey by driving the Jews out of Palestine just as Kemal had driven the invading Greeks from his country.33 Arab radicals gained influence because the British administration was unwilling to take effective action against them until they began a revolt against British rule. Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, former head of British military intelligence in Cairo, and later chief political officer for Palestine and Syria, wrote in his diary that British officials âincline towards the exclusion of Zionism in Palestine.â The British encouraged the Palestinians to attack the Jews. According to Meinertzhagen, Col. Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor (financial adviser to the military administration in Palestine 1919â23) met with el-Husseini in 1920, a few days before Easter, and told him that âhe had a great opportunity at Easter to show the worldâŠthat Zionism was unpopular not only with the Palestine administration but in Whitehall.â He added that âif disturbances of sufficient violence occurred in Jerusalem at Easter, both General [Louis] Bols [chief administrator in Palestine, 1919â20] and General [Edmund] Allenby [commander of the Egyptian force, 1917â19, then high commissioner of Egypt] would advocate the abandonment of the Jewish Home. Waters-Taylor explained that freedom could only be attained through violence.â34 El-Husseini took the colonelâs advice and instigated a riot. The British withdrew their troops and the Jewish police from Jerusalem, allowing the Arab mob to attack Jews and loot their shops. Because of el-Husseiniâs overt role in instigating the pogrom, the British decided to arrest him. He escaped, however, and was sentenced to ten years in absentia. A year later, some British Arabists convinced High Commissioner Herbert Samuel to pardon el-Husseini and to appoint him Mufti (a cleric in charge of Jerusalemâs Islamic holy places). By contrast, Vladimir Jabotinsky and several followers, who had formed a Jewish defense organization during the unrest, were sentenced to 15 years. They were released a few months later.35 Samuel met with el-Husseini on April 11, 1921, and was assured âthat the influences of his family and himself would be devoted to tranquility.â Three weeks later, riots in Jaffa and elsewhere left forty-three Jews dead.36 El-Husseini consolidated his power and took control of all Muslim religious funds in Palestine. He used his authority to gain control over the mosques, the schools, and the courts. No Arab could reach an influential position without being loyal to the Mufti. His power was so absolute that âno Muslim in Palestine could be born or die without being beholden to Haj Amin.â37 The Muftiâs henchmen also ensured he would have no opposition by systematically killing Palestinians who discussed cooperation with the Jews from rival clans. As the spokesman for Palestinian Arabs, el-Husseini did not ask that Britain grant them independence. On the contrary, in a letter to Churchill in 1921, he demanded that Palestine be reunited with Syria and Transjordan.38 The Arabs found rioting an effective political tool because of the lax British response toward violence against Jews. In handling each riot, the British prevented Jews from protecting themselves but made little effort to prevent the Arabs from attacking them. After each outbreak, a British commission of inquiry would try to establish the cause of the violence. The conclusion was always the same: The Arabs feared being displaced by the Jews. To stop the rioting, the commissions would recommend that restrictions be placed on Jewish immigration. Thus, the Arabs learned they could always stop the influx of Jews by staging riots. This cycle began after a series of riots in May 1921. After failing to protect the Jewish community from Arab mobs, the British appointed the Haycraft Commission to investigate the cause of the violence. Although the panel concluded the Arabs had been the aggressors, it rationalized the cause of the attack: âThe fundamental cause of the riots was a feeling among the Arabs of discontent with, and hostility to, the Jews, due to political and economic causes, and connected with Jewish immigration, and with their conception of Zionist policy.â39 One consequence of the violence was the institution of a temporary ban on Jewish immigration. The Arab fear of being âdisplacedâ or âdominatedâ was an excuse for their attacks on Jewish settlers. Note, too, that these riots were not inspired by nationalistic fervorânationalists would have rebelled against their British overlordsâthey were motivated by economics, the radical Islamic views of the Mufti, and misunderstanding. In 1929, Arab provocateurs convinced the masses that the Jews had designs on the Temple Mount (a tactic still used today to incite violence). A Jewish religious observance at the Western Wall, which forms a part of the Temple Mount, served as a pretext for rioting by Arabs against Jews, which spilled out of Jerusalem into other villages and towns, including Safed and Hebron. Again, the British administration made no effort to prevent the violence, and, after it began, the British did nothing to protect the Jewish population. After six days of mayhem, the British finally brought troops in to quell the disturbance. By this time, most of Hebronâs Jews had fled or been killed. In all, 133 Jews were killed and 399 wounded in the pogroms.40 After the riots, the British ordered an investigation, resulting in the Passfield White Paper. It said the âimmigration, land purchase and settlement policies of the Zionist Organization were already or were likely to become, prejudicial to Arab interests. It understood the mandatory governmentâs obligation to the non-Jewish community to mean that Palestineâs resources must be primarily reserved for the growing Arab economy.â41 This meant it was necessary to restrict Jewish immigration and land purchases. MYTH The Mufti was not a Nazi collaborator. FACT In 1941, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti of Jerusalem, fled to Germany and met with Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Joachim Von Ribbentrop, and other Nazi leaders. He wanted to persuade them to extend the Nazisâ anti-Jewish program to the Arab world. The Mufti sent Hitler fifteen drafts of declarations he wanted Germany and Italy to make concerning the Middle East. One called on the two countries to declare the illegality of the Jewish home in Palestine. He also asked the Axis powers to âaccord to Palestine and to other Arab countries the right to solve the problem of the Jewish elements in Palestine and other Arab countries in accordance with the interest of the Arabs, and by the same method that the question is now being settled in the Axis countries.â42 In November 1941, the Mufti met with Hitler, who told him the Jews were his foremost enemy. The Nazi dictator rebuffed the Muftiâs requests for a declaration in support of the Arabs, however, telling him the time was not right. The Mufti offered Hitler his âthanks for the sympathy which he had always shown for the Arab and especially Palestinian cause, and to which he had given clear expression in his public speeches.â He added, âThe Arabs were Germanyâs natural friends because they had the same enemies as had Germany, namelyâŠthe Jews.â Hitler told the Mufti he opposed the creation of a Jewish state and that Germanyâs objective was destroying the Jewish element in the Arab sphere.43 In 1945, Yugoslavia sought to indict the Mufti as a war criminal for his role in recruiting twenty thousand Muslim volunteers for the SS, who participated in the killing of Jews in Croatia and Hungary. He escaped French detention in 1946, however, and continued his fight against the Jews from Cairo and later Beirut where he died in 1974. MYTH The bombing of the King David Hotel was part of a deliberate terror campaign against civilians. FACT British troops seized the Jewish Agency compound on June 29, 1946, and confiscated large quantities of documents. At about the same time, more than 2,500 Jews from all over Palestine were arrested. A week later, news of a massacre of 40 Jews in a pogrom in Poland reminded the Jews of Palestine how Britainâs restrictive immigration policy had condemned thousands to death. In response to the British provocations, and a desire to demonstrate that the Jewsâ spirit could not be broken, the United Resistance Movement planned to bomb the King David Hotel, which housed the British military command and the Criminal Investigation Division in addition to hotel guests. The Haganah pulled out of the plot and left it up to the Irgun. Irgun leader Menachem Begin stressed his desire to avoid civilian casualties and the plan was to warn the British so they would evacuate the building before it was blown up. Three telephone calls were placed on July 22, 1946, one to the hotel, another to the French Consulate, and a third to the Palestine Post warning that explosives in the King David Hotel would soon be detonated. The call to the hotel was received and ignored. Begin quotes one British official who supposedly refused to evacuate the building, saying, âWe donât take orders from the Jews.â44 As a result, when the bombs exploded, the casualty toll was high: 91 killed and 45 injured. Among the casualties were 15 Jews. Few people in the main part of the hotel were injured.45 For decades, the British denied they had been warned. In 1979, however, a member of the British Parliament provided the testimony of a British officer who heard other officers in the King David Hotel bar joking about a Zionist threat to the headquarters. The officer who overheard the conversation immediately left the hotel and survived.46 In contrast to Arab attacks against Jews, which Arab leaders hailed as heroic actions, the Jewish National Council denounced the bombing of the King David.47 1 Aharon Cohen, Israel and the Arab World, (NY: Funk and Wagnalls, 1970), p. 172
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