Assessment U2 Working Definitions

Est 1200s, comes to prominence mid15th, lasts until early 20th century. Largest & longest lasting of the three Islamic empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests. Sunni; centered at Istanbul (AKA Constantinople/Byzantium); eventually encompassed the majority of the former Byzantine Empire (southeastern Europe, Turkey, much of the Middle East.

11th century onward; precursor to labor unions.organizations of different types of crafters for the purpose of regulating price and quality of products.

mid 14th-mid 15th century. over one hundred years of conflict between England and France because England's line was descended from Normans in France and felt they had legal rights to France's land; France eventually drove the English out. Breakdown of feudalism, and beginning of paid armies, cannons, guns, longbows, France, and England.

soaring ceilings, stained glass, flying buttresses. evolved from classical architecture; popular late 12th-mid 16th centuries; followed by classical revival styles of the Renaissance.

Late 14th-early 17th centuries. Italians renew their interest in the classics at just the right time; concepts of individualism, humanism, and secularism start gaining traction amongst the top 5%, and artists develop new techniques and a new handle on showing realism, naturalism, and emotion in their work. Spreads outside of Italy to the rest of Europe.

mid 16th century-late 17th century. People started thinking about the natural world differently and figuring things out about astronomy, mathematics, biology, physics, etc. Kicked off by Copernicus' book On the Rotation of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) and reaches its apex with Newton's Principia Mathematica (1689)

idea prevalent in early modern Europe that kings and queens ruled with power that came directly from God

mid 16th-mid17th centuries; over 100 years of fighting between Catholics and Protestants; especially bloody because 1) both sides believed God was on their side and 2) like any conflict, there were a lot of people involved for other interests like political reasons, personal gain, and taking advantage

mid 16th-early 17th. century, monarch of England; toleration of religion kept the peace; defeated the Spanish Armada and led England to become dominant naval force in the world

mid 16th-mid 17th centuries. effort of the Roman Catholic Church to both reform and combat Protestantism (mostly the latter)

16th century. Church power had already started to decline in the late 1400s, so when Luther started protesting their practices and calling for reform at the same time the printing press was around to spread the word, people listened. Luther felt everyone could have a direct relationship with God and could read and interpret the Bible for themselves and didn't really NEED priests, and a lot of people were receptive to the message. Eventually loads of new Protestant churches began.

German; created first moveable type printing press in 1450s; revolutionized communication in early modern era

late 17th century Russian tsar; ruled with divine right; visited the West and then "westernized" Russia by adopting the calendar, styles of architecture and dress, and organization of military and civil service

early 17th-mid19th centuries. after a long period of internal wars and bickering feudal kingdoms, Portuguese traders showed up with guns to sell. That weaponry led to three warlords successfully unifying Japan and taking control, and one of them became shogun, or the military leader. Foreign policy of isolationism for over 200 years; expelled Christian missionaries, eschewed anything Western, and closed all ports to the west except one that was open to the Chinese and Dutch.