ASSIMILATION IN SCIENCE 5

Assimilation in AP 6 Week 5

Influence of China and India China ChinaChina under the Han emperor Wudi (c. 100 bce) and (inset) at the end of the Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn) Period (c. 500 bce). Between approximately 150 bce and 150 ce, most of Southeast Asia was first influenced by the more mature cultures of its neighbours to the north and west. Thus began a process that lasted for the better part of a millennium and fundamentally changed Southeast Asia. In some ways the circumstances were very different. China, concerned about increasingly powerful chiefdoms in Vietnam disturbing its trade, encroached into the region and by the end of the 1st century bce had incorporated it as a remote province of the Han empire. For generations, the Vietnamese opposed Chinese rule, but they were unable to gain their independence until 939 ce. From India, however, there is no evidence of conquests, colonization, or even extensive migration. Indians came to Southeast Asia, but they did not come to rule, and no Indian power appears to have pursued an interest in controlling a Southeast Asian power from afar, a factor that may help to explain why only the Vietnamese accepted the Chinese model. Yet, in other ways the processes of Indianization and Sinicization were remarkably similar. Southeast Asia already was socially and culturally diverse, making accommodation easy. Furthermore, indigenous peoples shaped the adaption and adoption of outside influences and, indeed, seem to have sought out concepts and practices that enhanced rather than redirected changes already underway in their own societies. They also rejected some components: for example, some of the vocabulary and general theories related to the Indian notions of social hierarchy were borrowed but much of the specific practices were not, and neither Indian nor Chinese views of women as socially and legally inferior were accepted. In the later stages of the assimilation process—particularly in the Indianized areas—local syncretism often produced exuberant variations, which, despite familiar appearances, were expressions of local genius rather than just inspired borrowings. Get Unlimited Access Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more. Sculptures at Borobudur, central Java, Indonesia. 1 of 2 Sculptures at Borobudur, central Java, Indonesia. Pagan, Myanmar 2 of 2 Pagan, MyanmarRuins of ancient Buddhist shrines and pagodas, Pagan, Myanmar. Still, Chinese and Indian influences were anything but superficial. They provided writing systems and literature, systems of statecraft, and concepts of social hierarchy and religious belief, all of which were both of intrinsic interest and pragmatic significance to Southeast Asians of the day. For elites seeking to gain and retain control over larger and more complex populations, the applications of these ideas were obvious, but it would also seem that the sheer beauty and symbolic power of Hindu and Buddhist arts tapped a responsive vein in the Southeast Asian soul. The result was an imposing array of architectural and other cultural wonders, at first very much in the Indian image and hewing close to current styles and later in more original, indigenous interpretations. The seriousness and profundity with which all this activity was undertaken is unmistakable. By the 7th century ce, Palembang in southern Sumatra was being visited by Chinese and other Buddhist devotees from throughout Asia, who came to study doctrine and to copy manuscripts in institutions that rivaled in importance those in India itself. Later, beginning in the 8th century, temple and court complexes of surpassing grandeur and beauty were constructed in central Java, Myanmar, and Cambodia; the Borobudur of the Śailendra dynasty in Java, the myriad temples of the Burman dynastic capital of Pagan, and the monuments constructed at Angkor during the Khmer empire in Cambodia rank without question among the glories of the ancient world.

THE STRATEGIC PLAN OF RICHARD BLAND COLLEGE OF WILLIAM & MARY 2020-2025 “The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present. The occasion is piled high with difficulty, and we must rise with the occasion. As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew.” – Abraham Lincoln What is the role of a selective, two-year, residential, liberal arts transfer institution within the higher education landscape of the Commonwealth of Virginia? This is a key question that must be answered to ensure the success of Richard Bland College (RBC) and the constituency that the College serves. The 2020 RBC strategic plan’s primary objective is to answer that very question so that the College, the community and the Commonwealth can engage successfully within this identity and purpose to the benefit of all. RBC has long been identified as the hidden gem of higher education in Virginia. The hidden adjective is based both on its relative obscurity—few are aware of RBC outside the Tri-Cities region—and its rural setting featuring 750+ acres of wetlands, bucolic forest, and the state’s oldest and largest pecan grove. Additionally, on average, a student of Richard Bland College travels a mere 36 miles to campus. This keeps the knowledge of RBC in a tightly focused radius. The gem moniker refers both to the College’s reputation for excellence and the undeniable sensation that the campus often elicits in its students, visitors, faculty and staff, the feeling of a warm and palpable embrace of care, compassion and support. That sensation is where we start. According the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV), 99% of the 11.5 million new jobs created since the great recession require workers to have more than a high-school education. Students with a bachelor’s degree have an earning potential almost double that of people with only a high school education, and yet only 17% of residents in the Petersburg area have a bachelor’s degree, 15% below the national average. The obstacles in the way of education have been exhaustively researched and include financial challenges, academic under-preparedness, low self-esteem, slow college assimilation and immature levels of self-efficacy. To combat this growing problem, Richard Bland College initiated a pilot program to determine the viability of a data-driven approach to improve retention and graduation rates. The program ultimately effected a cultural, organizational and operational shift at RBC, resulting in a personalized model of student support, the Exceptional Student Experience (ESE@RBC). Originally many of the practices that RBC used as the basis of ESE@RBC were adapted from the four key principles found in the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) Pathways Project: 1) map pathways to student end goals; 2) help students choose and enter a program pathway; 3) keep students on path; and 4) ensure that students are learning. Unfortunately, limited resources made it necessary to skip some primary elements of guided pathways and instead to focus on a specific, high-priority project that was immediately available for implementation, dedicated student support. This strategic framework reimagines the way that RBC serves students, faculty and staff within the context of our existing culture, the principles of guided pathways and a hybrid work-college experience. Rather than thinking of a two-year college as a pipeline to a four-year university, this vision describes a more expansive menu of well-defined pathways to high-demand fields, all radiating from a curriculum constructed around the development of soft skills that define the liberal arts experience: critical thinking, written communication, analytical reasoning, civic engagement and oral communication. Furthermore, the impact of meaningful work is a resonating theme, providing avenues to participate in career-focused internships and jobs that develop important life & work skills, confidence, and character. Richard Bland has tested its entrepreneurial mettle and its capacity for transformation in recent years. The College was among a select few Competency-Based Education sites established by the U.S. Department of Education. We were ahead of the curve using predictive analytics to improve student retention and success rates, and online enrollment now makes up nearly 20 percent of course offerings. It may be counter-intuitive, but these and other deep-level institutional changes still to come will ensure that Richard Bland College remains true to its original mission. We prepare our students for a lifetime of endless potential.

Il Simbolismo musicale in Francia La Francia è uno dei centri nevralgici della musica del ‘900. Parigi è dalla fine dell’Ottocento fino a tutta la prima metà del ‘900 il centro artistico per eccellenza. Tantissimi compositori passano per Parigi che è un centro di cultura internazionale dove si sviluppano tante delle avanguardie artistiche del periodo. Una serie di eventi particolarmente importanti che si sono svolto a Parigi nel corso della seconda metà dell’Ottocento e che ha influenzato molto anche la vita culturale sono le esposizioni Universali. Le esposizioni universali sono insieme fiere commerciali e mostre scientifico-culturali che vengono realizzate nelle più importanti città del mondo. Queste manifestazioni ricoprirono un ruolo molto significativo soprattutto nel periodo tra la seconda metà dell'Ottocento e i primissimi decenni del Novecento. Nelle grandi mostre-mercato ottocentesche venivano messi in vendita i prodotti esposti, dagli ascensori ai cannoni, dai telefoni ai motori a scoppio, ma allo stesso tempo venivano presentati ai visitatori, come si fa in un museo, i progressi scientifici raggiunti. Oltre ai progressi scientifici però vengono mostrati anche manufatti artigianali provenienti da tutte le parti del mondo. Il contatto con questi prodotti di culture diverse è un grandissimo stimolo per la cultura dei paesi che ospitano queste esposizioni e la musica risente tantissimo di questi contatti. Il primo esempio dell’influenza di questi nuovi contatti con culture lontane lo abbiamo in due compositori molto importanti che vivono tra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio del 900. Debussy e Ravel sono due esponenti di una delle correnti più importanti della musica francese il simbolismo musicale che si sviluppa in questo periodo. La musica ha come la funzione di rappresentare in maniera simbolica (quindi diciamo di evocare più che di rappresentare pedissequamente) stimoli di vario genere letterari, visivi (immagini, quadri, fotografie), uditivi (rumori ambientali, musiche tradizionali). Questo tipo di evocazione ha però il bisogno di distanziarsi dai suoni tradizionali che non sono più ritenuti adatti ad evocare delle immagini sonore forti. L’ispirazione arriva da una esposizione universale, quella del 1889. Come le Esposizioni hanno ispirato i Compositori Le strutture incredibili e le decorazioni delle esposizioni universali ispiravano i musicisti simbolisti. Opere architettoniche grandiose come la Torre Eiffel diventavano fonti di ispirazione per i compositori che cercavano di trasmettere attraverso la musica lo spirito innovativo e avventuroso di quei tempi. Questo li spingeva a esplorare nuovi suoni che potessero riflettere le meraviglie viste nelle esposizioni, creando musica che andava oltre il normale ascolto per evocare sentimenti e immagini. Il Gamelan Un momento decisivo per l’evoluzione della musica europea avviene durante l’Esposizione Universale di Parigi del 1889, quando il pubblico occidentale entra in contatto diretto con il Gamelan giavanese. Il gamelan è un insieme di strumenti prevalentemente a percussione, come gong, metallofoni e tamburi. La sua musica è organizzata in cicli ripetitivi e stratificazioni sonore, senza un sviluppo narrativo lineare. Non esiste una tensione armonica come nella musica tonale occidentale: il tempo musicale è circolare e il suono assume una funzione atmosferica. Questo incontro mostra ai compositori europei che è possibile pensare la musica in modo radicalmente diverso: senza armonia funzionale senza sviluppo tematico tradizionale privilegiando il timbro e la ripetizione L’influenza del gamelan non consiste nell’imitazione diretta, ma nell’assimilazione di un principio compositivo nuovo. La musica può essere statica, sospesa, evocativa, e tuttavia profondamente espressiva. Jardins sous la pluie Il brano Jardins Sous la Pluie è un brano per pianoforte composto da Debussy nel 1903 all’interno della raccolta denominata “Estampe” cioè stampe (in riferimento in particolare alle stampe giapponesi che si potevano ammirare nelle esposizioni universali). In questo brano attraverso l’uso di suoni molto veloci e staccati, che si ripetono a ondate sonore ora molto intense ora molto deboli, Debussy vuole rappresentare simbolicamente il rumore della pioggia sulle piante di un giardino. La musica eseguita durante le esposizioni spesso simboleggiava le speranze e le ambizioni del periodo, usando suoni che non erano tradizionalmente considerati musicali per creare atmosfere uniche. Questo tipo di musica aiutava gli ascoltatori a vedere il mondo in modi nuovi, proprio come le invenzioni e le strutture esposte durante gli eventi. Compositori come Debussy, con opere come "Prelude à l'après-midi d'un faune", mostravano come la musica potesse evocare un'atmosfera senza bisogno di parole o storie chiare, aprendo la strada a future esplorazioni musicali che continuano a influenzare i compositori anche oggi. In conclusione, le Esposizioni Universali della Belle Époque non solo mostrarono al mondo nuove tecnologie e idee, ma furono anche fondamentali per lo sviluppo di nuovi stili musicali che cercavano di esprimere pensieri e sentimenti profondi attraverso suoni innovativi e evocativi.

assimilation

Assimilation( Filipino 6- Quarter3- Week 2

Assimilation acculturation and multiculturalism

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