What does the term 'phishing' refer to in the context of Cyber security?

A type of social engineering attack where attackers try to trick people into giving away sensitive information

A method for detecting and defending against DDoS attacks

A type of malware that spreads through email attachments

A technique for encrypting data to prevent unauthorized access

What is the purpose of a firewall in Cyber security?

To monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic

To scan for and remove malware from a system

To encrypt data to prevent unauthorized access

To authenticate users and control access to sensitive resources

What is a common way to create strong passwords?

Using a long string of random characters, including numbers and special characters

Using personal information, such as a birthdate or name

Using the same password for multiple accounts

Using a common phrase or word that is easy to remember

What is the purpose of two-factor authentication?

To add an extra layer of security to the login process

To scan for and remove malware from a system

To authenticate users and control access to sensitive resources

To encrypt data to prevent unauthorized access

What is 'ransomware'?

Malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for their release

A method for detecting and defending against DDoS attacks

A type of social engineering attack where attackers try to trick people into giving away sensitive information

Malware that spreads through email attachments

What is the purpose of a Virtual Private Network (VPN)?

To encrypt and route network traffic through a secure connection

To monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic

To scan for and remove malware from a system

To authenticate users and control access to sensitive resources

What is the purpose of a security patch?

To fix vulnerabilities and improve the security of software

To monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic

To authenticate users and control access to sensitive resources

To scan for and remove malware from a system

What is a 'zero-day exploit'?

An attack that takes advantage of a software vulnerability before a patch has been released

A technique for encrypting data to prevent unauthorized access

A type of social engineering attack where attackers try to trick people into giving away sensitive information

A method for detecting and defending against DDoS attacks

An attack that redirects website traffic to a fake, malicious site

A technique for encrypting data to prevent unauthorized access

A method for detecting and defending against DDoS attacks

A type of malware that spreads through email attachments

What is a computer virus?

A malicious program that spreads from computer to computer and can cause harm to data and software.

A common cold that infects computers.

A program that helps computers run faster.

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

A software program used to manage email.

A tool used to measure internet speed.

A technique used by cyber criminals to trick individuals into providing sensitive information.

A type of fishing used to catch cyber criminals.

What is two-factor authentication?

A security process in which a user provides two different authentication factors to verify their identity.

A program used to fix computer errors.

A tool used to manage computer passwords.

A way to clean a computer keyboard.

A type of software designed to damage or disrupt computer systems.

A type of software used to protect computer systems.

A program used to optimize computer performance.

A device used to scan for viruses.

What is a password manager?

A software program that securely stores and manages user passwords.

A program used to organize bookmarks.

A person hired to manage computer passwords.

A tool used to create strong passwords.

What is social engineering?

A technique used by cyber criminals to trick individuals into divulging sensitive information.

A type of engineering used in social media.

A program used to filter social media content.

A tool used to automate social media posts.

The process of converting plain text into an unreadable code to protect sensitive information.

A tool used to speed up internet connections.

A way to organize files on a computer.

A type of software used to remove malware from a computer.

A virtual private network that provides a secure connection between two points over the internet.

A person hired to manage virtual networks.

A program used to optimize computer performance.

A tool used to manage computer peripherals.

What is a denial-of-service attack?

An attack in which a website or network is flooded with traffic to the point of overload, making it unavailable to users.

A technique used to prevent cyber attacks.

A program used to hide sensitive information.

A way to backup data on a computer.

Basic Cyber security

Basic Cyber Security, SOC Managment, Ethical Hacking

Basics of cyber security

Cyber security basics

ChatGPT Quiz: Basics of Cybersecurity #1

New Trends in Agriculture Extension approaches Extension has been, and still is, under attack from a wide spectrum of politicians and economists over its cost and financing. As a result, Extension Systems have had to make changes, by restating the system’s mission, developing a new vision for the future, and formulating plans for the necessary transition to achieve the desired change. 1. Privatization of Agricultural Extension Service Privatization: Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Concept: Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural area & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organization for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980). Privatization approaches ➢ Share cropping system ➢ Village extension contract system ➢ Public extension through private delivery ➢ Service for vouchers Strengths of Private Extension System ➢ More demand - driven rather than supply – driven ➢ High quality of services in terms of satisfying information needs of clientele, trained manpower, sustained finances and resource allocation ➢ Provides for an information mix and choices available to farmers ➢ Enhanced efficiency of staff ➢ Assure continuous supply and quality agricultural products ➢ More effective because farmer can select an adviser who is the best able to help ➢ Healthy competition among service provider will lead to better quality and lower costs for service Weakness of Private Extension System ➢ Concentrate on area having favorable physical environment ➢ More face-to-face contacts (person oriented) ➢ Increased dependence of farmers and hence exploitation ➢ No education role ➢ Deprivation of small farmers ➢ Hamper the free flow of information 2. Cyber Extension or e-extension Concepts Cyber space: it is the imaginary or virtual space of computers connected with each other on Networks, across the Globe. Cyber extension: it means 'using the power of online networks, computer communications and digital interactive multimedia to facilitate dissemination of agriculture technology. Cyber Extension thus can be defined as the extension over cyber space. Important tools of cyber extension E-Mail, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, Archie and World Wide Web (WWW) Strengths of Cyber Extension ➢ Access to the astounding information and continuously available ➢ Information rich and instantaneously available of information ➢ Interactive communication ➢ The information is available from any point on the globe ➢ Communication is dynamic ➢ Cut steps from traditional process ➢ Save money, time and effort ➢ Multiplicity of purpose Issues and Concerns of Cyber Extension ➢ Lack of Reliable Telecom Infrastructure in Rural Areas ➢ Erratic or no Power Supply ➢ Lack of ICT Trained manpower (willing to serve) in Rural Areas ➢ Lack of content (locally relevant and in local languages) ➢ Lack of Information Services to Rural Clientele ➢ Low Purchasing power of the Rural communities ➢ Lack of Holistic Approaches ➢ Issues of Sustainability Application of cyber extension ➢ Village information shops Dr. M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, Chennai ➢ Information villagers MANAGE in Ranga Reddy District in Andhra pradesh ➢ Gyandoot net initiative of District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. ➢ Warna wired village of National Informatics Center (NIC) in Kolhapur- Sangli Districts of Maharashtra 3. Market-Led-Extension (MLE) Concepts Market: A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity. Extension: It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass Market-led-extension: Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man with the help of technology. Dimensions of market-led extension ➢ Marketing mix: A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product's marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. These four elements are adjusted until the right combination is found that serves the needs of the product's customers, while generating optimum income. ➢ Marketing plan: A marketing plan is a comprehensive document that outlines a business and marketing efforts for the coming year. It describes business activities involved in accomplishing specific marketing objectives within a set time frame. A marketing plan also includes a description of the current marketing position of a business, a discussion of the target market and a description of the marketing mix that a business will use to achieve their marketing goals. ➢ Market Intelligence: It is the information relevant to a company’s markets, gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making. Market intelligence includes the process of gathering data from the company’s external environment, whereas the business intelligence process is primarily based on internal recorded events – such as sales, shipments and purchases. ➢ Market oriented production ➢ Use of Technology Strengths of market-led extension ➢ SWOT analysis of the market ➢ Organization of Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs) ➢ Enhancing the interactive and communication skills of the farmers ➢ Establishing marketing and agro-processing linkages ➢ Advice on product planning ➢ Educating the farming community ➢ Direct marketing ➢ Acquiring complete market intelligence ➢ Publication of agricultural market information Production of video films of success stories ➢ Challenges to market-led extension ➢ Gigantic size of extension system ➢ Information technology Diverse conditions ➢ Market intelligence ➢ Reforms in agricultural extension system Government Initiatives ➢ Central warehousing Corporation-1965 ➢ MSP by Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) ➢ Food Corporation of India ➢ Then some others as: Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), Jute Corporation of India (JCI), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Agriculture and Processed food Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc. 4. Farmer--Led-Extension (FLE) Farmer--led-extension is defined as 'the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer promoters and farmer trainers' (Scarborough et al., 1997). Philosophy and principles ➢ Farmers and local institutions (e.g. producer organizations or village leaders) should play a key role in selecting farmer-trainers and monitoring and evaluating them. This helps make the programmes more accountable to the community or groups that they serve. ➢ Farmer-trainers are ‘of the community’; they communicate in local languages and are more sensitive to local cultures, mannerisms, farming practices, and farmers’ needs. ➢ Farmer-trainers should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in sharing information, not just on their farming expertise. ➢ Farmer-trainers need strong linkages with and support from development agents (whether government, non-government organization (NGO), or private), the people who train and backstop them. Farmer-trainers generally serve as a complement to existing extension systems, rather than being a substitute for them. ➢ Facilitating organizations and local institutions need to be proactive in ensuring that women as well as men become farmer-trainers. ➢ Simple and appropriate reference materials should be made available to the farmer trainers. Essential Elements of Farmer--led-extension ➢ The group ➢ The Field ➢ The Facilitator ➢ The curriculum ➢ Programme leader ➢ Financing Special features of Farmer--led-extension ➢ All learning is field based & it is primary venue for learning ➢ FLE group learning constantly over the experimentation period ➢ FLE promotes healthy decisions & quality decisions ➢ Farmers conduct their own field studies with comparisons or treatments ➢ Facilitates Farmer-to-Farmer communication ➢ Field staff serve as facilitators ➢ FLE is a unique way to educate farmers ➢ It is an effective platform for sharing of experiences and collectively solving agriculture related problems. 5. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inferences procedures to solve problems (Daniel Hunt, 1986). Objectives of developing expert system ➢ To enhance the performance of agricultural extension personnel and farmer ➢ To make farming more efficient and profitable ➢ To reduce the time required in solving the problems ➢ To maintain the expert system by continuously upgrading the database Advantages of expert system ➢ Solves critical problems by making logical deductions without taking much time ➢ It combines experimental and conventional knowledge with the reasoning skills of specialists ➢ To enhance the performance of average worker to the level of an expert Limitations of expert system ➢ Expensive computer program ➢ Mostly developed not in regional languages ➢ Requires AC power and internet connection all the time ➢ Complex software requires computer skilled personnel Modules of expert system in agriculture ➢ COMAX: Integrated crop management in cotton ➢ SOYEX: Soybean oil extraction expert system ➢ PLANT/ds: Diagnosis of soybean diseases ➢ MAIZE: Maize expert system for field crop management ➢ SEMAGI: Weed control decision making in sunflowers ➢ Rice Crop Doctor: Developed by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Difference between conventional and expert system of extension Conventional Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is a problem ➢ Information is given whatever is available without considering needs and resources ➢ No Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information flow depends on availability of agent ➢ Require users to draw their own conclusion from facts Expert System of Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is possible ➢ Information is chosen based on their needs and resources ➢ Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information through Cyber Cafe at any place at any time ➢ Conclusion is drawn based on the decision given by the expert

BASIC

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