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BE All Call Earth Day Trivia!
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What do an ancient Greek philosopher and a 19th century Quaker have in common with Nobel Prize-winning scientists? Although they are separated over 2,400 years of history, each of them contributed to answering the eternal question: what is stuff made of? It was around 440 BCE that Democritus first proposed that everything in the world was made up of tiny particles surrounded by empty space. And he even speculated that they vary in size and shape depending on the substance they compose. He called these particles "atomos," Greek for indivisible. His ideas were opposed by the more popular philosophers of his day. Aristotle, for instance, disagreed completely, stating instead that matter was made of four elements: earth, wind, water and fire, and most later scientists followed suit. Atoms would remain all but forgotten until 1808, when a Quaker teacher named John Dalton sought to challenge Aristotelian theory. Whereas Democritus's atomism had been purely theoretical, Dalton showed that common substances always broke down into the same elements in the same proportions. He concluded that the various compounds were combinations of atoms of different elements, each of a particular size and mass that could neither be created nor destroyed. Though he received many honors for his work, as a Quaker, Dalton lived modestly until the end of his days. Atomic theory was now accepted by the scientific community, but the next major advancement would not come until nearly a century later with the physicist J.J. Thompson's 1897 discovery of the electron. In what we might call the chocolate chip cookie model of the atom, he showed atoms as uniformly packed spheres of positive matter filled with negatively charged electrons. Thompson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for his electron discovery, but his model of the atom didn't stick around long. This was because he happened to have some pretty smart students, including a certain Ernest Rutherford, who would become known as the father of the nuclear age. While studying the effects of X-rays on gases, Rutherford decided to investigate atoms more closely by shooting small, positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. Under Thompson's model, the atom's thinly dispersed positive charge would not be enough to deflect the particles in any one place. The effect would have been like a bunch of tennis balls punching through a thin paper screen. But while most of the particles did pass through, some bounced right back, suggesting that the foil was more like a thick net with a very large mesh. Rutherford concluded that atoms consisted largely of empty space with just a few electrons, while most of the mass was concentrated in the center, which he termed the nucleus. The alpha particles passed through the gaps but bounced back from the dense, positively charged nucleus. But the atomic theory wasn't complete just yet. In 1913, another of Thompson's students by the name of Niels Bohr expanded on Rutherford's nuclear model. Drawing on earlier work by Max Planck and Albert Einstein he stipulated that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances, able to jump from one level to another, but not to exist in the space between. Bohr's planetary model took center stage, but soon, it too encountered some complications. Experiments had shown that rather than simply being discrete particles, electrons simultaneously behaved like waves, not being confined to a particular point in space. And in formulating his famous uncertainty principle, Werner Heisenberg showed it was impossible to determine both the exact position and speed of electrons as they moved around an atom. The idea that electrons cannot be pinpointed but exist within a range of possible locations gave rise to the current quantum model of the atom, a fascinating theory with a whole new set of complexities whose implications have yet to be fully grasped. Even though our understanding of atoms keeps changing, the basic fact of atoms remains, so let's celebrate the triumph of atomic theory with some fireworks. As electrons circling an atom shift between energy levels, they absorb or release energy in the form of specific wavelengths of light, resulting in all the marvelous colors we see. And we can imagine Democritus watching from somewhere, satisfied that over two millennia later, he turned out to have been right all along.All living things are made up of one or more cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life. Beginning in the 17th century, curious naturalists were able to use microscopes to study objects too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Their studies led them to propose the cellular basis of life. Hooke In 1665, English scientist Robert Hooke studied nature by using an early light microscope, such as the one in Figure 4-1a. A light micro- scope is an instrument that uses optical lenses to magnify objects by bending light rays. Hooke looked at a thin slice of cork from the bark of a cork oak tree. “I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous,” Hooke wrote. He described “a great many little boxes” that reminded him of the cubicles or “cells” where monks live. When Hooke focused his microscope on the cells of tree stems, roots, and ferns, he found that each had similar little boxes. The drawings that Hooke made of the cells he saw are shown in Figure 4-1b. The “little boxes” that Hooke observed were the remains of dead plant cells, such as the cork cells shown in Figure 4-1c. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. ● Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory. ● State the three principles of the cell theory. ● Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life. VOCABULARY cell cell theory Robert Hooke used an early microscope (a) to see cells in thin slices of cork. His drawings of what he saw (b) indicate that he had clearly observed the remains of cork cells (300) (c). FIGURE 4-1 (a) (b) (c) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 70 CHAPTER 4 Leeuwenhoek The first person to observe living cells was a Dutch trader named Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that were simple and tiny, but he ground lenses so precisely that the magnification was 10 times that of Hooke’s instruments. In 1673, Leeuwenhoek, shown in Figure 4-2a, was able to observe a previ- ously unseen world of microorganisms. He observed cells with green stripes from an alga of the genus Spirogyra, as shown in Figure 4-2b, and bell-shaped cells on stalks of a protist of the genus Vorticella, as shown in Figure 4-2c. Leeuwenhoek called these organisms animalcules. We now call them protists. THE CELL THEORY Although Hooke and Leeuwenhoek were the first to report observ- ing cells, the importance of this observation was not realized until about 150 years later. At this time, biologists began to organize information about cells into a unified understanding. In 1838, the German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were composed of cells. The next year, the German zoologist Theodor Schwann concluded the same thing for animals. And finally, in his study of human diseases, the German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) noted that all cells come from other cells. These three observations were combined to form a basic theory about the cel- lular nature of life. The cell theory has three essential parts, which are summarized in Table 4-1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) is shown here with one of his hand-held lenses (a). Leeuwenhoek observed an alga of the genus Spirogyra (b) and a protist of the genus Vorticella (c). FIGURE 4-2 TABLE 4-1 The Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells. (a) (b) (c) www.scilinks.org Topic: Cell Theory Keyword: HM60241 mb06se_csfs01.qxd 5/18/07 10:54 AM Page 70Long Call Option Trading Strategy: Learn the Basics LONG CALL SUMMARY Purchasing a call option is a bullish strategy that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy 100 shares of the underlying asset at a specified strike price on or before the expiration date. This strategy is typically employed when an investor believes that the price of the underlying asset will increase in the future. The value of a call option is influenced by several factors, including the underlying asset's price, the strike price, the time to expiration, and implied volatility. As the price of the underlying asset increases and approaches or breaches the long call's strike price, the option's value will appreciate. This is because the option holder has the right to buy the underlying asset at a lower price than the current market price, resulting in a potential profit. Out-of-the-money (OTM) calls have a strike price that is higher than the current market price of the underlying asset. These options are typically cheaper than in-the-money (ITM) calls, which have a strike price lower than the current market price. ITM calls have intrinsic value, which is the difference between the strike price and the current market price, and extrinsic value, which is the additional premium paid for the option's time value. Extrinsic value decays over time as the option approaches expiration, and this can cause the option to lose value, especially if the underlying asset does not move towards the strike price. LONG CALL OPTION Purchasing a call option grants you the privilege, but not the responsibility, to buy 100 shares of the underlying asset at the specified strike price on or before the expiration date. This option grants you the flexibility to capitalize on potential price increases of the underlying asset. The value of a call option is positively correlated with the price of the underlying asset. As the price of the stock or ETF rises and approaches your strike price, the value of your call option increases. This is because the difference between the market price and the strike price widens, giving you a greater potential profit. This characteristic makes call options suitable for bullish strategies where investors anticipate price increases. Conversely, the value of a call option diminishes when the price of the underlying asset drops or remains constant. Time decay, which refers to the gradual loss of an option's value as its expiration date approaches, also contributes to the depreciation of call options. Over time, the intrinsic value of the option, which represents the difference between the strike price and the underlying asset's market price, decreases as the option nears expiration. Additionally, if the price of the underlying asset remains below the strike price, the option may expire worthless, resulting in a total loss of the premium paid. Understanding these dynamics is crucial when trading call options. It allows you to make informed decisions about when to enter and exit positions, taking into account factors such as the underlying asset's price movements, time decay, and market sentiment. Buying call options can provide an alternative strategy to gain long exposure to a stock's price movement without the need for purchasing shares directly. This approach, known as a long call position, offers the potential advantage of lower capital outlay compared to buying shares outright. However, it's crucial to understand the concept of time decay, which significantly impacts the value of long call options. Time decay refers to the gradual decrease in the value of an option as time passes. This phenomenon occurs due to two primary factors: theta and vega. Theta measures the rate at which an option's value decays over time, while vega measures the sensitivity of an option's price to changes in implied volatility. As the expiration date of the call option approaches, both theta and vega work together to erode the option's value. Consequently, to offset the impact of time decay, the underlying stock price must rise at a greater velocity towards the call option's strike price. This is because the intrinsic value of a call option, which represents the difference between the strike price and the underlying stock's current market price, increases as the stock price moves higher. Another important consideration when evaluating call options is the distinction between out-of-the-money (OTM) and in-the-money (ITM) calls. OTM calls have a strike price higher than the current market price of the underlying stock, while ITM calls have a strike price lower than the current market price. OTM calls are typically less expensive than ITM calls because their value is composed entirely of extrinsic value. Extrinsic value refers to the portion of an option's price that is not attributable to its intrinsic value. ITM calls, on the other hand, have both intrinsic and extrinsic value, resulting in a higher cost per contract. As time relentlessly marches forward, the value of call options undergoes a transformation. The extrinsic value, which represents the premium paid for the potential of future price movements, steadily diminishes as expiration approaches. This decay is universal, affecting all call options regardless of their initial strike price or distance from the underlying asset's current price. However, amidst this gradual erosion of extrinsic value, ITM (in-the-money) call options stand as an exception. These options retain their intrinsic value at expiration, which is the difference between the strike price and the underlying asset's price. This characteristic sets ITM call options apart from their OTM (out-of-the-money) counterparts, whose extrinsic value decays entirely to zero near or at expiration. The distinction between ITM and OTM call options underscores the significance of carefully considering both the time frame and strike price when making investment decisions. Traders seeking to maximize their potential gains through call options must be mindful of the impending decay of extrinsic value as expiration draws near. For long ITM call options, the ideal scenario is for the underlying asset to exhibit a significant upward movement. Such a price increase would enhance the intrinsic value of the option, making it worth more at expiration than the initial purchase price. This scenario holds true for OTM call options as well, as they require the underlying asset to move ITM at expiration to possess any value. Prior to expiration, both OTM and ITM call options have the potential to gain a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic value if the stock exhibits a rapid upward trajectory. This dynamic underscores the importance of monitoring market conditions and adjusting investment strategies accordingly. Understanding the Interplay of Time, Strike Price, and Option Value in Call Option Trading: In the realm of call option trading, comprehending the intricate interplay between time, strike price, and option value is paramount to success. These three factors collectively shape the dynamics of call option contracts, allowing traders to make informed decisions and capitalize on market opportunities. Time (Days to Expiration): Time, measured in days until expiration, is a crucial element in call option trading. As expiration approaches, the value of a call option is directly influenced by the time premium. The closer an option gets to expiration, the less time value it holds. This time decay accelerates in the final days leading up to expiration. Therefore, traders must carefully consider the time factor when selecting their expiration dates. Strike Price: The strike price represents the predetermined price at which the underlying asset can be bought (in the case of a call option) or sold (in the case of a put option). When choosing a strike price, traders must assess the current market price of the underlying asset and make an educated guess about its future direction. ITM (In-the-Money) call options are those with a strike price below the current market price, while OTM (Out-of-the-Money) call options have a strike price above the current market price. Option Value: Option value refers to the premium paid by the buyer of an option contract to the seller. This premium comprises two components: intrinsic value and time value. Intrinsic value is the difference between the strike price and the underlying asset's current market price. Time value, as mentioned earlier, is the premium paid for the remaining time until expiration. Auto-Exercise and Expiration Scenarios: Auto-Exercise: Long call options that expire ITM by $0.01 or more will be automatically exercised. This means that the buyer of the call option has the right to purchase the underlying asset at the strike price. If the investor holds only a long call, this will result in 100 long shares per contract purchased at the call option's strike price. On the other hand, investors holding the corresponding short shares will cover or buy shares at the call option's strike price. Expiration Worthless: Any long call options that expire OTM will expire worthless. In this scenario, the investor loses the entire premium paid for the contract, resulting in a maximum loss. Understanding these concepts is instrumental in developing effective call option trading strategies. By carefully considering the interplay between time, strike price, and option value, traders can position themselves to make profitable trades and minimize potential losses. PROFIT & LOSS DIAGRAM OF A LONG OTM CALL A long OTM call option can be profitable if the current market value of the option exceeds the price paid to purchase it. This can occur in two main scenarios: Stock Price Surpasses Strike Price: If the underlying asset's price rises above the strike price of the call option by more than the premium paid for the option, the call option becomes profitable. This is because the intrinsic value of the call option (the difference between the strike price and the underlying asset's price) becomes positive, and the call option can be exercised to purchase the underlying asset at a price below the market price. OTM Call Moves Closer to Underlying Asset Price: Even if the underlying asset's price does not reach the strike price, a long OTM call can still be profitable if the option's price increases. This can happen when there is a quick rally in the underlying asset's price, causing the call option's price to increase as well, even if the strike price is not reached. This is because the time value of the call option increases as the expiration date approaches, and the call option becomes more likely to be in the money. However, it's important to note that long OTM call options can also result in losses if the underlying asset's price does not surpass the breakeven point. The breakeven point is the price at which the call option's intrinsic value becomes equal to the purchase price of the option. If the underlying asset's price remains below the breakeven point until expiration, the call option will expire worthless, and the investor will lose the entire amount paid for the option. The maximum profit potential of a long OTM call option indeed has no theoretical limit, as a stock's price can theoretically rise indefinitely. This means that if the underlying stock price increases significantly, the call option holder can potentially reap substantial profits by exercising the option and buying the stock at the predetermined strike price. On the downside, the maximum loss on a long call option is limited to the premium paid for the option. This premium represents the total amount invested in the option contract and acts as a protective barrier against further losses. If the stock price declines or stays below the strike price at expiration, the option will expire worthless, and the investor will lose the entire premium paid. The flattened red loss zone in the diagram illustrates this limited loss potential. This zone represents the range of stock prices below the strike price at expiration where the option holder will lose money. The loss amount decreases as the stock price approaches the strike price and becomes zero when the stock price equals the strike price. Beyond the strike price, the option holder starts to make a profit. It's important to note that while the maximum profit potential is theoretically unlimited, it is highly unlikely for a stock price to rise dramatically within the short timeframe of an OTM option's expiration period. Therefore, while the potential rewards can be significant, the probability of achieving them is relatively low. PROFIT & LOSS DIAGRAM OF A LONG ITM CALL ITM (In-the-Money) options have a unique characteristic where the price of their intrinsic value directly correlates with the underlying asset's price. This means that for every one point movement in the underlying asset's price, the ITM option's intrinsic value moves by the same amount. While purchasing an ITM option provides immediate intrinsic value, it does not guarantee profitability upon execution. Similar to buying an OTM (Out-of-the-Money) call option, the purchase price of an ITM call must increase for it to be profitable. This requires the stock price to move further above the call strike price. This relationship is visually represented in the diagram, where the red and green zones converge on the x-axis. The maximum potential loss on a long call option is limited to the debit paid for the option, which is represented by the flattened red area in the diagram. This means that the most an investor can lose on a long call is the premium paid for the option, regardless of how far the underlying asset's price moves below the strike price. Understanding the price dynamics and potential risks associated with ITM options is crucial for traders and investors. While ITM options offer immediate intrinsic value, careful analysis and consideration of market conditions are necessary to determine their potential profitability. EXAMPLE OF A LONG OTM CALL OPTION XYZ currently trading @ $45 Buy to Open +1 XYZ 50-strike call @ $4 debit Cost: $4 debit ($400 total, ($4 x 100 shares)) Time Decay Affect Works against the option’s value Max Profit Theoretically unlimited Max Loss Debit paid per contract ($400) Breakeven Price (at expiration) Strike price + debit paid ($54) Account Type Required Cash, Margin, and IRA EXAMPLE OF A LONG ITM CALL OPTION XYZ currently trading @ $45 Buy to Open +1 XYZ 40-strike call @ $7 debit ($5 intrinsic value + $2 extrinsic value) Cost: $7 debit ($700 total) Time Decay Affect Works against the option’s value Max Profit Theoretically unlimited Max Loss Debit paid per contract ($700) Breakeven Price (at expiration) Strike price + debit paid ($47) Account Type Required Cash, Margin, and IRA wb 113 Question Tags 13-5-2025I'm not late, ______? ➔ am I Sit down, ______? ➔ will you OK let's get started, ______? ➔ shall we We haven’t got a test today, ______? ➔ have we You should all be studying, ______? ➔ shouldn’t you It won’t be very difficult, ______? ➔ will it Basketball practice has changed to Thursday, ______? ➔ hasn’t it Let’s call the coach and ask him, ______? ➔ shall we This is his number, ______? ➔ isn’t it He said to call him in the evening, ______? ➔ didn’t he You really should pay attention, ______? ➔ shouldn’t youGood day this is Chris today we will be doing a quick walkthrough on ISO 14001 2015 Environmental Management System and its main clauses let's get started ISO 14001 2015 Environmental Management System is a globally recognized standard for environment Management systems or EMS an EMS is a framework that organizations use to manage their environmental impact comply with regulations and improve their environmental performance the standard outlines are requirements for an EMS including the development of an environmental policy the identification of environmental aspects and impacts the establishment of objectives and targets the implementation of operational control monitoring and measurement systems and the ongoing review and Improvement of the system ISO 14001 is a flexible standard that can be used by organizations of any size or type regardless of their environment impact or level of environment performance it provides a practical framework for organizations to manage their environmental impact reduce environment risks and demonstrate their commitment on sustainability to their stakeholders here is the standard that provides a structured approach to develop an EMS which includes several key steps one organizations must develop an environmental policy that outlines their commitment to environmental sustainability this policy should be communicated to all employees and stakeholders two organizations must identify their environmental aspects and impacts this involves identifying the activities products and services that have an impact on the environment as well as the potential environmental consequences of those impacts three once the environmental aspects and the impacts have been identified organizations must establish environmental objectives and targets these objectives and targets should be specific measurable achievable relevant and time-bound 4. after setting objectives and targets organizations must Implement operational controls and establish monitoring and measurement systems to ensure that they are meeting their objectives and targets finally organizations must review and continually improve their EMS this involves conducting regular audits reviewing the EMS to ensure that it remains relevant and effective and making any necessary changes or improvements the main Clause of iso 14001 2015 apart from its scope normative references and terms and conditions that the main Clauses of iso 14001 2015 can be listed as context of the organization leadership planning support operation performance evaluation and Improvement Clause 4.0 context of the organization is about understanding the organization and its context understanding the needs and expectations of the interested parties determining the scope of the Environmental Management System EMS and Environmental Management System itself Clause 5.0 talks about leadership and commitment Environmental Policy organizational roles responsibility and authorities Clause 6.0 planning focuses on actions to address risk and opportunities as well as environmental objectives and planning to achieve them Clause 7.0 support are detailed requirements on resources competence awareness communication that includes external and internal communication documented information that involves creating updating in control of documented information Clause 8.0 operation talks about operational planning and control as well as emergency preparedness and response overall the design of iso 14001 2015 provides guidelines to form a system that is structured to cater the requirements of stakeholder needs and expectations to drive life cycle perspective and Energy Efficiency as pictured here Clause 9.0 performance evaluation provides guidelines to monitoring measurement analysis and evaluation evaluation compliance and management review an additional note here is that ISO 19011 2018 guidelines for auditing Management Systems which is an audit process that will determine the scope to establish the audit criteria by collecting evidence evaluating the evidence and then draw a conclusion based on the findings as pictured here [Music] finally Clause 10.0 Improvement talks about how Improvement is an integral factor to an effective Environmental Management system through General non-conformity and corrective action and continual Improvement talking about Improvement it is always continual in putting efforts towards the betterment of the existing system here is a snapshot of the main Clauses of iso 14001 2015 [Music] I hope you find this video useful we are industry experts specialized in management system consultancy and Industry relevant corporate training give us a call and let us help you drive your business excellence and upskill your employees to elevate workplace efficiency [Music] CREATE 10 MCQ AND 2 SAQ QUESTIONS BASED ON THE ABOVE PARAGRAPHEarlier in 2019 there was a lot of femicide uh girls being killed by their boyfriends because they did one or two things there are also cultures of if there is violence in terms of a marital relationship that that is fine if there's a marital rape that that is fine so you find such situations being normalized and it being also a taboo to speak about those issues the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is grounded in respect for human rights and the power of people to change the world every individual on the planet has the right to health and well-being in all aspects of their sexuality their body and their reproductive choices ensuring these rights is integral to addressing poverty education violence against women and gender equality sexual and reproductive health rights are agreed in international law they were fought for by courageous women's rights activists and advocates across a broad range of professional fields and frontline experiences by movements of all ages levels and backgrounds they are still being fought for while progress has been made globally many barriers remain especially for those most marginalized excluded or discriminated against human rights are central to delivering the 17 sustainable development goals in the sustainable development agenda indeed each sdg target is simultaneously a metric and a claim for human rights the interplay between these political commitments and human rights obligations is particularly important when it comes to achieving sexual and reproductive health rights for decades human rights-based tactics have been used to drive progress in this episode of right to a better world experts share challenges they have faced and tactics they have used to address them the challenges they describe occur in settings all around the world the strategies used are ones that they have found to be successful in their own settings viewers are encouraged to learn from these experiences and consider how tactics could be adapted to their own context when sexual and reproductive health begins with equality the discussions decisions programs and policies which follow can build towards a future where every individual is not only born free but lives free and equal in dignity and rights without violence or discrimination the time to take action is now violence against women is any act that results in or is likely to result in physical sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women this includes threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life it happens everywhere in every country in the home in communities at work and at school crises including health and humanitarian crises frequently contribute to higher rates of violence against women violence against women is directed at women because of their status as women the consequences are dire jeopardizing women's health including sexual and reproductive health and mental health hampering their ability to participate fully in society causing tremendous physical and psychological suffering for both women and their children the majority of women survivors of violence do not disclose or seek any type of services efforts to address violence against women must recognize the many different contexts in which it occurs and the many different forms it can take the majority of violence against women is committed by an intimate partner her current or previous boyfriend or husband globally around 30 of women have experienced physical and or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime this increases the risk of acquiring an sti or in some regions hiv by 1.5 fold when a woman is experiencing violence especially from her partner she's really unable to keep safe from hiv men have power to decide how when and where sex should be done and the woman is at risk of being infected because she cannot say no schools are another setting where violence against girls can take place assault and harassment during their commute bullying sexual harassment and mental or physical abuse on school property are all challenges across various country contexts this has a direct impact on girls access to inclusive quality education a target of sdg4 and an indirect impact on many of their other human rights young girls are taking advantage of at a very young age and they do not understand the choices and the avenues whereby they can exercise their rights when it comes to sexual productive health and rights and so you find a lot of dropouts and a lot of girls also going through a lot of traumatic experiences that would be avoided if they had guidance promoting a safe and secure working environment for all is a cornerstone of sdg 8. this includes a workplace free from sexual harassment and violence but for many women especially women migrant workers and others in precarious employment this is far from reality so we went to naivasha which is a flower farm and we've met the informal workers the casual liberals working for the flower farms when for example the sexual violence cases are reported companies don't take them very seriously a wide range of tactics have been used to prevent and address violence against women and girls and to recognize it as a fundamental violation of human rights prevention of intimate partner violence is possible when interventions are informed by evidence of what works we started out by describing the problem we've now moved to research on what works what are the kinds of interventions that are successful both for preventing the problem from happening in the first place and also from interventions to respond the respect women framework on preventing violence against women developed by the who un women ohchr and other international agencies promotes seven strategies which focus on relationship skills strengthening empowerment of women services for health justice police and social sector poverty reduction environments made safer including schools workplaces and public spaces child and adolescence abuse prevented and transformation of gender attitudes beliefs and norms this action-oriented framework can enable policy makers and health implementers to design plan implement monitor and evaluate interventions and programs to prevent violence against women we have come a long way for sure we still have some ways to go and we need to do more to stop this violence from happening in the first place this involves addressing the social norms that still prevail in many settings that make this form of violence acceptable women are not exposed to gender-based violence by accident all because of an inbuilt vulnerability violence against women is rooted in discriminatory social norms and power dynamics dismantling these underlying causes of violence against women and girls is at the heart of achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls as set out in the targets and indicators of sdg 5 ensuring healthy lives in sdg3 and reducing inequalities in sdg 10. women and men are valued differently society has heap privileges on the men while the women are looked at as subordinate power is not only the problem but also the solution to preventing violence against women we are making it personal everyone connects with power every day people living with power or grappling with power they find themselves within this whole conversation if you're working to create gnome change there has to be change at all levels strategies to raise awareness in communities about violence against women and girls are critical as there is still a lot of stigma and shame which inhibits many women and girls from talking about it intervention is like a big complicated word sometimes it's just about talking about dialogue i mean the fact that we went into schools and just began a conversation with parents um bringing them together in the school along with the school personnel and then having the conversation start from there and we also sort of train providers within schools to appropriately refer children to health facilities for care what we found was that this dialogue began to spark other conversations in the community and i guess they just felt that oh it's actually okay to talk about this openly rather than pretend that nothing is going on sassa is a community mobilization approach to prevent violence against women and hiv and aids it is activist led it's not workshop heavy based it comes away from the traditional programming of organizations going to do things themselves instead they support activists who do the activities with their friends and neighbors health systems play a critical role in responding to violence wherever it occurs supporting health workers to respond appropriately to violence as well as ensuring their work environment enables them to provide safe effective and quality survivor centred care are important strategies for better addressing violence against women and girls um we came to learn not to ask direct questions not to give our opinion or our judgment on them and let her speak and once with that flow starts once that connection is established that doctor-patient relationship emotionally is established she will actually tell you the whole history legal frameworks to promote enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are an important sdg 5 indicator but putting laws in place does not automatically make them effective there are existing protections for women in the workplace or for individuals in the workplace in relation to harassment but we know from our call for evidence that they are not actually addressing the problem the recommendations that we developed included government implementing a mandatory duty for employers to take preventative steps to address harassment in the workplace so what we would like to see is government implement a much stronger legislative duty it has taken decades of struggle by the women's rights movement to persuade the international community to view violence against women as a human rights concern and a sustainable development priority not a private matter governments have obligations to respect protect and fulfill the right to a life free of violence and to provide for sanctions when they fail when seeking accountability the priority consideration must always be the safety and well-being of survivors respecting their wishes and autonomy and supporting them to make informed choices about the type of justice they want context is vitally important there are many strategies to hold perpetrators accountable including strategic litigation and public campaigns when the teachers impregnate the girls that means the system has failed and okay what they do is they blacklist the teachers and they are always removed from the payroll but we think that is not enough the case that was quite interesting is where one of the judges she did find a ruling against the teacher service commission the commission that is responsible for hiring teachers asking them that they must take responsibility and they were ordered to pay compensation to the girls who had gotten pregnant while in school the justice police issue came about a few years back when a young girl was raped and the punishment for her being ripped was that harappa she was gang-ripped and therapists were told to slash grass feminist organizations and young women organizations came back to the police and the police commissioner to ask and request that the people who are found to be perpetrators should be punished according to our constitution and according to the laws of the land and those are very big campaigns to get better justice so consequently they were jailed but also it was a sign that the system the police system had to be checked in terms of when someone reports a case any case of violence what happens and how is it followed through the maria pedra is another example of litigation that became a political mobilizer so this was a case from the inter-american commission that really galvanized a change in public policy a huge change because it was a case that addressed gender-based violence intimate partner violence it called on responsibility of brazil also for not having prevented this kind of violence the reality of a case that says you have the right to not be bruised you have the right to be free of physical psychological violence it's powerful it can change women's lives investing in autonomous women's movements has been one of the most important drivers of changes in laws and policies to address violence against women over the past 40 years according to data from over 70 countries women organizing to advance women's status define the very concept of violence against women raised awareness of the issue and put it on national and global policy agendas often we thought that it takes generations or centuries to change working intensely with the communities we can actually see change coming violence against women and girls is a violation of fundamental human rights to life and to physical and psychological integrity not to be tortured or treated in an inhuman and degrading way to respect for private and family life and the right not to be discriminated against this understanding is more than theoretical human rights-based tactics can offer a practical route to addressing systemic challenges across all the circumstances where violence against women and girls occurs including but not limited to at the hands of their partners at school and in the workplace by using evidence-informed prevention strategies addressing power relations and social norms community mobilizing and dialogue supporting health systems and professionals putting in place strong legal frameworks accessing justice and ending impunity feminist organizing and mobilizing every individual can help to deliver the 2030 agenda for sustainable development building a world in which women and girls are free from all forms of violence and discrimination [Music] youClassroom Expectations and Policies Assessment 1. What should students bring to class every day? a. Only a positive attitude b. Charged Chromebook, writing utensil, and positive attitude c. Just their books d. Snacks and drinks 2. What is the consequence for bullying in the classroom? a. A warning b. A violation card c. Extra homework d. A meeting with the principal 3. If a student breaks a personal item, what must they do? a. Ignore it b. Apologize c. Buy a new one for the teacher d. Ask for forgiveness 4. How should students handle using the futon during class? a. Sit on it every day b. Use it without asking c. Ask first and only use it during work time d. Sit on it during lectures 5. Where will all assignments be posted? a. On the classroom wall b. On Canvas c. Only verbally d. In a textbook 6. What happens if an assignment is submitted late? a. It will be graded normally b. It will not be accepted c. It will drop a letter grade each day it is late d. It will be given extra credit 7. After how many days of lateness will a student receive only half credit for an assignment? a. 1 day b. 2 days c. 3 days d. 4 days 8. What is the policy for retaking tests? a. No retakes allowed b. Students must schedule the retake themselves c. Retakes are given automatically d. Only the teacher can decide on retakes 9. What constitutes cheating in this classroom? a. Asking for help b. Claiming credit for someone else's work c. Working with a partner d. Participating in study groups 10. What is the penalty for cheating? a. A warning b. A failing grade on the assignment and notification of parents c. Extra assignments d. A detention 11. How will grades be determined? a. By participation only b. By points, with tests and quizzes weighted more than classwork c. By effort d. By attendance 12. Where can students use their cell phones? a. In class anytime b. In the commons and hallways during passing time and lunch c. In the restroom d. In the cafeteria only 13. What happens if a student uses their phone during class? a. They will receive a warning b. The phone will be confiscated immediately c. They can keep it if they ask d. They will lose points on their grade 14. What should a student do if they know they will be absent? a. Ignore it and hope for the best b. Come to the teacher at least three days before c. Ask a friend for notes d. Just show up later 15. If a student is sick and cannot do work, what should they focus on? a. Completing all missed assignments b. Getting better c. Emailing the teacher every hour d. Asking for extra credit 16. What is the policy on bringing food or drinks to class? a. It's not allowed at all b. It’s allowed as long as it’s not a distraction c. Only water is allowed d. Students must share their food 17. How should students contact the teacher with questions? a. Only during class time b. Through social media c. By email or in person d. By sending a friend 18. What happens if a student emails after 9 PM? a. The teacher will respond immediately b. The teacher will respond the next day at 7:45 AM c. The email will be ignored d. The teacher will call the student 19. How do violations accumulate for cell phone use? a. They reset every trimester b. They accumulate throughout the school year c. They reset every week d. They do not count 20. What should students do if they have concerns while the teacher is on maternity leave? a. Contact the principal b. Contact the substitute teacher for assistance c. Wait until the teacher returns d. Handle it on their own Answer Key (Always review AI generated answers for accuracy - Math is more likely to be inaccurate) b. Charged Chromebook, writing utensil, and positive attitude b. A violation card c. Buy a new one for the teacher c. Ask first and only use it during work time b. On Canvas c. It will drop a letter grade each day it is late c. 3 days b. Students must schedule the retake themselves b. Claiming credit for someone else's work b. A failing grade on the assignment and notification of parents b. By points, with tests and quizzes weighted more than classwork b. In the commons and hallways during passing time and lunch b. The phone will be confiscated immediately b. Come to the teacher at least three days before b. Getting better b. It’s allowed as long as it’s not a distraction c. By email or in person b. The teacher will respond the next day at 7:45 AM b. They accumulate throughout the school year b. Contact the substitute teacher for assistance Quick Work Dan Robinson has been worried all week. Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Dan wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried anymore. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Dan was most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Dan was a boy of fifteen!