President responsible for the Spoils System and the Trail of Tears.

the action of adding a state on to the United States.

The first settler of Clarence. He was a young silversmith from Geneva, NY.

The final major battle in the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson became a hero at this battle.

The leader of the Mormon migration to Utah.

This was when gold seekers called "forty-niners" headed to California in search of gold, first discovered at Sutter's Mill.

When an area is surrendered.

This man was killed at the Battle of the Alamo.

The absence of a major political divisions after the War of 1812 that created a sense of National Unity.

A transportation system located in New York that runs from Albany to Buffalo. The Erie canal led to increased population in upstate/WNY, cheaper rates for shipping, and the growth of Buffalo and New York City.

Known for writing the Star Spangled Banner

The land company formed by Dutch businessmen in Western New York. Joseph Ellicott was the chief land agent.

President who believed strongly in Manifest Destiny and was Commander-in-Chief during the Mexican-American War.

The chief land agent for the Holland Land Company. Many things in WNY are named after him.

Founder of the Mormon religion.

The belief that the US should expand westward to the Pacific Ocean. President James K. Polk is most associated with this idea. Also associated with this is the annexation of Texas, the Mexican War, and the slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight!"

This war was over the boundary of Texas and resulted in the US gaining additional territory such as Texas, California, and Colorado. The Rio Grande River serves as the Texan border.

Set a policy that the US would act as a protector to Latin America. This meant that Europeans were no longer allowed to try to colonize the Western Hemisphere.

This religious group moved west to Utah to escape discrimination. They were led by Joseph Smith.

This group of people are a symbol of America's wild frontier and are best known for their fur trapping business.

A 2,000 mile trail that led people westward from Missouri to Oregon Territory.

This man defeated the Mexican Army at San Jacinto and became the President of the Republic of Texas.

A trade route that led people westward going between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico, used from about 1821 to 1880.

This is a person who bought land cheaply and hope to sell it at a profit.

A practice by Andrew Jackson where he would replace existing officeholders with members of his own party.

This is where General Santa Anna defeated the Texans.

When Georgia Cherokee were forced 1,2000 miles westward to Oklahoma in 1838 under the orders of President Andrew Jackson. Jackson did this because he favored the settlers who wanted Native lands and he passed the Indian Removal Act to accomplish this.

The Treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848 and required Mexico to give up all claims to Texas, New Mexico, and California.

This was a large area of land bought by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon of France. Lewis and Clark were sent to explore it. It allowed access to the Mississippi River and the US gained control of the port at New Orleans.

She was a Shoshoni native woman who helped lead Lewis and Clark over unfamiliar territory. She was useful in helping to protect the expedition when the party reached her native lands.

These men were sent by Thomas Jefferson on an expedition in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase. They started and ended their trek out west in St. Louis.

A war fought against the British that resulted in battles on the Great Lakes, the invasion of DC/burning of the White House, burning of Buffalo, and the weakening of the Natives

Taking a member of a navy, by force, and making them work for the other side. Example: When the British took American sailors, causing the War of 1812.

The first constitution of the United States that did not have a strong central government. Instead, the states held more power. This often resulted in conflict between states.

This replaced the Articles of Confederation and gives the federal government more control. It is considered the "law of the land."

This is the introductory statement to the US Constitution. It outlines the major ideas that will be found in the constitution. It begins with "We the people..."

This man participated in the Treaty of Paris and wrote the NY Constitution. The NY Constitution was similar to the US Constitution in that they both have a bicameral legislature.

These people believe that there should be a strong national government and that the states should not have as much power as the Articles of Confederation gave them.

These are people who believe that there should not be a strong national government and that states should have more power. They feared that the US government might become too much like the British.

He was a financial adviser to George Washington and represented the Department of Treasure in the cabinet. He believed in repaying the national debt and creating the national bank.

He was the third president of the United States. He is best known for the Louisiana Purchase despite the fact that he believed the federal government should not be too powerful. He helped to promote growth of the country and stability.

An order prohibiting trade on another country. Thomas Jefferson issued the Embargo Act of 1807 in an attempt to avoid war.

This is when the Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This idea was developed as part of the Marbury vs. Madison court case.

These are things that are not part of the US Constitution, but agreed upon as being needed in American government. Examples include: political parties and the presidential cabinet.

This is a 2 house governing legislature such as Congress.

Is a way to divide power among the three branches so that one branch does not become too powerful.

This is when there is a division between national (delegated) and state (reserved) powers. Some powers are shared (concurrent) by national and state like taxes.

This was a plan developed to have representation in Congress equal for every state. Each state would get the same vote in the single house Legislature.

This was a plan developed to have representation in Congress based on population. States would have representatives proportionate to their populations.

This resolved the conflict between the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan. The compromise called for a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the having equal number of people per state (2).

This addressed the representation of slaves in Congress. Southern states wanted them to be counted so they had more representation. Many northerners argued against this because slaves were not even allowed to vote.

These can be added to the Constitution with a 2/3rd vote. These make the US Constitution adaptable to changing times.

These are the first 10 amendments of the US Constitution. They were added in order to persuade some Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution.

This means to give official approval.

Written by John Jay. This is similar to the US Constitution because it has a bicameral legislature.

This was written before the US became a country

This city was the first capital of the US and was where George Washington was inaugurated

To swear in the president

Powers given to the state governments

Powers given to the national governments

This governing body gets 2 reps per state

This governing body gets reps based on state population

This determined how the Northwest Territories would be governed. It guaranteed basic rights for settlers and banned slavery in the area.

The Americans lost this battle because they ran out of ammunition, but it proved the Americans could successfully fight the British

Written by Thomas Jefferson and approved on July 4, 1776

British mercenaries from the Hessian region of Germany

Colonists who sided with the British (aka Tories)

Colonists who wanted independence from the British

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that urged colonists to be completely independent from Britain.

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

First to sign the Declaration of Independence

Main author of the Declaration of Independence

Going against your country

a soldier who is only fighting for money, not for any other reason

Law making body of England (like our Congress)

A request, by colonists, to King George III to forgive the colonies/repair the division and prevent war

Enlightenment thinker whose ideas of "life, liberty, and property" Thomas Jefferson used in the Declaration of Independence

American Spy captured by the British and hung. Said "I only regret I have but one life to lose for my country"

British General that captured Philadelphia.

American General who got credit for blocking Burgoyne at Saratoga even though he was never on the battlefield.

A French noble who joined the American Army as a general. He was known for his enthusiasm and ideas.

a Prussian who came to help Washington at Valley Forge. He taught Patriot troops military discipline.

(August 27, 1776) George Washington led the patriots in this battle. However, they were badly beaten in an effort to save New York City from the British. This is also known as the Battle of Long Island.

to enroll, usually voluntarily, for military service.

British general who created the "3 Pronged Plan." The goal of this plan was to take over Albany, NY from 3 different directions. Albany was important because it could divide New England from the middle colonies. He ended up surrendering at Saratoga.

(October 17, 1777) This is considered one of the American's best victories and was a major turning point in the war. The French decided to publicly support the Americans after this win.

the Fort involved in the Benedict Arnold treason plot. It is 50 miles north of New York City and sits above the Hudson River.

was the city that was held by the British for the duration of the war. There were many loyalists in New York due to their financial interests.

A military camp 20 miles Northwest of Philadelphia. George Washington stationed his troops here and they faced harsh winter conditions.

when there is not enough of something to meet the demands of people

An American General who did not get the credit he deserved at Saratoga. He is best known in American history for being a traitor and trying to sell plans to West Point to the British.

Considered a "founding father." He served as ambassador to France and talked the French into helping the Americans.

A British officer who led the invasion in the Mohawk Valley region.

Led the militia that helped at Ft. Stanwix. He died at the Battle of Oriskany.

A battle in New Jersey where George Washington and his troops surprised the Hessians.

Located in New York. This is where the 3 Pronged Plan was supposed to meet.

A loyalist woman who was scalped. This united the Americans against the British and their Native allies.

Was an officer in the Virginia Militia. He led sharpshooters called the "Long Rifles." He served in Congress after the war.

American naval officer who raided British ports. His ship was the Bonnehomme Richard and he is known for saying "I have not yet begun to fight" when asked by the British if he would like to surrender.

John Paul Jones' ship named to honor the ambassador to France, Benjamin Franklin. Ben Franklin had used the pen name "Richard" when publishing some of his work.

Privately owned merchant ships with weapons that Congress authorized to help with the war efforts. They captured more ships than the British!

Led the British forces in the south and was defeated at Yorktown.

Was a successful guerilla tactic leader who operated out of the swamps of Southern Carolina. He was known as the "Swamp Fox" because he was quick and smart.

French admiral whose 28 ships took control of the Chesapeake Bay; 3,000 soldiers aboard his ships landed at Yorktown.

Fought in Virginia. The 1781 battle that signaled the Patriots had won the war. The Patriots took nearly 8,000 British prisoners and captured more than 200 guns.

Peace treaty between America and Britain that was signed on September 3, 1783. It established America as a free country. Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represented the US for this treaty. Native Americans were excluded from this.

After the Treaty of Paris, this river becomes the Western boundary of the United States.

June 1778. Last major battle in the north, an attack on the British as they left Philadelphia

When ships or resources are stopped from entering or leaving an area

The US Constitution was influenced by this group of Native Americans

hit and run

at St. Lawrence River, England won and battle was a major turning point

Important French fort at Forks of Ohio (named Fort Pitt after)

French fortress that guarded the St. Lawrence

French fort in Western New York, captured by British

South of Lake Erie, claimed by both French and English

Ohio, Allegheny, Monongahela Rivers meet here

Native American nation that fought with British (allies=fighting on same side)

He was one of the people killed in the Boston Massacre

This person arranged to move the cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston

He was the first to suggested that Parliament's policy of "taxation without representation" was not fair

He was credited as the first to propose that the colonies should be free

He was a British General who was forced to leave Boston after cannons were moved there

He was the leader of the Green Mountain Boys and he led the capture of Fort Ticonderoga

He was the main leader of the Sons of Liberty and participated in the Boston Tea Party

He alerted the colonial militia that the British forces were approaching

He is known for saying "give me liberty or give me death"

Refusal to buy or use something in order to force an action

A partially trained, part-time army

To take goods in or out of an area or country illegally

To remove or erase a law or earlier decision

A serious complaint against something or someone

The crime of going against your country

To leave the army without permission from an officer

Money collected for government services

Heavy guns and equipment such as cannons

The belief that the colonies existed to benefit the economy of England

This British policy taxed all printed materials

This British policy required colonists to house soldiers

This policy made sure that the English benefited from colonial trade

The governing body/organization in England (like our Congress)

Someone with extreme ideas and actions

A secret group who wanted independence, formed by a bunch of radicals

A nickname given to loyalists

The colonists did not win this early battle because they ran out of ammunition

The first battle of the American Revolution

This fort is on Lake Champlain in NY. Cannons were taken from here to Boston by ox and sleds.

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin as a way to unite the colonies

He created the Albany Plan of the Union

There are varying perspectives on this event where British soldiers fired on townspeople.

a sudden, complete, and often radical, change

This is where members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Natives. After this, the port of Boston was closed.

General search warrants

People who were radical and wanted to break free from Britain

People who took the British side, also known as Tories

when a government is ruled by an absolute (and often harsh) ruler

forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

the monarch who lost control of the colonies and reigned during the revolution

a militia organization that was led by Ethan Allen

Ottawa war chief who became noted for his role in Pontiac's War, an American Indian struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region (before the revolution) and named for him.

British General involved in Concord

Caused British debt that led to the policies that upset colonists

Signed on July 4, 1776... John Hancock was first to sign

the Church of England

a crop grown to make money rather than for absolute need such as cotton or tobacco

to create a colony

this was part of New York until it became its own separate state

someone who owes money

this colony was originally settled by people from Sweden

a good or product that is sent out of a country to another country to be sold or used

the country that controlled the land west of the Appalachian Mountains

the first written constitution in the colonies

the colony created for British prisoners who were jailed for owing money. It was also a "buffer" against Spanish attacks.

was established by Jamestown colonists as a representative government for the colony

a good or product that is brought into a country from another country to be sold or used

people who work for a number of years to repay their trip to America

the first permanent English settlement in North America, led by John Smith

led the settlement of Jamestown

this state was part of Massachusetts during the colonial period

purchased from the natives for $24.00 worth of goods

the colony settled by Roman Catholics to practice their religion in peace

the line that separated the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies

the agreement by the Pilgrims for self government

the idea that colonies exist to benefit the mother country financially

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

the journey across the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa to the Americas that slaves were forced to take

the original name for New York City when the Dutch controlled it

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

When someone is attacked because of their beliefs or identity.

The governor of New Netherlands who gave the New York colony to the English

this settlement was founded by William Penn and it means "Brotherly Love"

the first major settlement in Massachusetts colony

People who wanted to see changes made to the Anglican Church and sought the colonies to avoid religious persecution. They settled in Massachusetts.

a religious group who settled in Pennsylvania and believed in religious tolerance

a resource before it is turned into a product such as cotton

allowing others to freely practice their own religion

known as the "lost" colony

This man founded Rhode Island

this is the town where witch trials were held

a system in which the citizens of a country (or smaller political unit, such as a state) rule themselves and control their own affairs

these were people who wanted to leave the Anglican Church and make their own church

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

this country controlled the area now known as Florida

people from the Netherlands (Holland) who originally settled in modern day New York City

this was a cash crop and helped the settlers of Jamestown make a profit for investors

a pattern of trade where goods, raw materials, and slaves were transported between Africa, the colonies, and Europe.

a Quaker who led a group of settlers to North America for religious freedom. He also founded Philadelphia

Spanish word for conqueror

People who spread Christianity (usually Catholic) and wanted to convert natives

Spanish conquistador who captured the Aztec capital

A Portuguese prince who created a sailing school and sponsored the first explorations of the west coast of Africa

Italian who worked for Spain and was the "first" to sail west with the goal of reaching the "east"

was a Viking who found Iceland and Greenland

to switch religions/religious practices

someone who sells goods

the country that Henry Hudson sailed for (known as the Dutch). They claimed areas like modern day New York.

the country that had explorers like Columbus and Cortes. They claimed areas like modern day Florida, Mexico, and Hispaniola.

the country where Prince Henry was from. They were supposed to explore only on the eastern side of the Line of Demarcation.

the country who Champlain sailed for. They claimed areas like modern day Quebec (Canada) and parts of America.

a contagious disease that killed many Natives

This explorer founded the French settlement at Quebec and is known as the "Father of New France"

Samuel de Champlain founded this French settlement

a Dutch explorer who claimed part of present day NY for Holland

The exchange of plants, diseases, and food between the eastern and western hemispheres (for example, corn had never been in Europe before this). This increased economic growth.

a navigational tool used to help explorers map the shoreline

the art/science of plotting or directing the course of a ship

created by the Chinese and was used to tell what direction an explorer was travelling

were holy wars in the Middle East between Christians and Muslims. They increased European desire for products from the east (China) and this led to exploration.

people who practice the religion of Islam

someone who lives in the Middle East (they can be any religion)

country on the continent of Asia that claimed an area that makes up part of today's Alaska and Canada

known as "sea raiders" or "pirates"

the science of map making

lines on a map that are horizontal and used to measure distance

lines on a map that are vertical and used to measure distance

a ship used by explorers that allowed them to sail into the wind

an all water route around or through North America to get to Asia (Was the motivation for many explorers)

the idea that colonies exist to benefit the mother country financially

the line created by the Pope (Catholic leader) that divided the world for Spanish and Portuguese exploration

a young person who is no longer a child, but not yet an adult

the mountain range that the Inca lived in where adapted and built bridges and road systems

the study of humans in the past, present, and future

the study of visible remains of vanished civilizations

a man made object from a culture

a civilization that were located in present day Mexico and are known for their floating gardens

the smallest tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy

a large family that believes they share a common ancestor

used or shared in common by everyone in a group

groups of people loosely joined together for a purpose

the Spanish conquistador who the Aztec's believed was their god. As a result, he was able to take over the Aztecs.

a total way of life for a particular group of people

A type of family in which relatives in addition to parents and children (such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins) live in a single household.

the branch of knowledge dealing with past events.

people who did not settle, but moved around for food

the civilization that existed in the Andes mountains (modern day Peru)

known as "The Five Nations"

a connecting tract of land between two continents (ex. the first peoples of the America's used one to come from Asia)

a communal place to live, especially of the Iroquois and various other North American Indian peoples

a name given to a society that traces the descent of the family through the mother's line

a major Pre Columbian civilization located on the Yucatan Peninsula. Known for their hieroglyphics and calendar.

known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door" and no meeting could take place if they were not present

the Aztec chief

represents several different cultures or elements of culture

a story that explains something, usually in nature

the smallest family unit, consisting of parents and their children

name given to a society that traces the descent of the family through the father's line

someone who is equal to you in status or rank

the time in the Americas prior to 1492

period of time before written records of human events

material that comes directly from someone who experienced an event (ex. interview, diary)

land set aside for Native Americans

material that may have been interpreted and does not come from someone who experienced an event (ex. a textbook)

known as the "keepers of the Western door"

a person's brothers or sisters

a Native American tribe who hunted buffalo, were nomadic, and lived in tipis.

what the Native Americans called squash, maize (corn), and beans because they were the main food staples

the last tribe admitted to the Iroquois Confederacy

Beads made from polished shells that some Native Americans once used as money and jewelry.

Known as the "fire keepers" and they made the final decision if the Iroquois tribes could not agree

A "sacred" plant (according to the creation myth) used in Iroquois ceremonies

sport invented by the Iroquois