Question 1

What is the objective when collecting data in research?

Accepted Answer

To understand the living world in broad generalizable ways

Answer

To make assumptions without evidence

Answer

To avoid statistical analysis

Answer

To collect data from everyone

Question 2

What are the two phases of the Scientific Method mentioned?

Accepted Answer

Ensuring Good, Accurate, and Valid Data and Drawing Accurate Conclusions from Valid Data

Answer

Collecting as much data as possible and making assumptions

Answer

Analyzing data and ignoring results

Answer

Publishing results without verification

Question 3

Which statement about numerical data is true?

Accepted Answer

We can use math to measure the specific relationships and differences between all data points.

Answer

Categorical data is more informative than numerical data

Answer

Numerical data cannot be compared

Answer

Numerical data is always inaccurate

Question 4

What defines tidy data in research?

Accepted Answer

Each row is an observation and each column is a variable.

Answer

Data can be presented in any format

Answer

Each observation is spread across multiple rows

Answer

Variables can be mixed in rows and columns

Question 5

Which type of data requires comparing values within a single column to find measures like the mean?

Accepted Answer

When each column is a variable.

Answer

When data is in a single row

Answer

When variables are not defined

Answer

When all values are categorical

Question 6

Which data structure is easier for coding instructions for a computer to analyze or graph?

Accepted Answer

Tidy data

Answer

Untidy data

Answer

Randomly structured data

Answer

Hierarchical data

Question 7

What does a bar plot visualize?

Accepted Answer

The relationship between 1 continuous variable and 1 or more categorical variables.

Answer

The difference between groups.

Answer

The distribution of 1 continuous variable.

Answer

The relationship between 2 continuous variables.

Question 8

What should be avoided in a good figure according to best practices?

Accepted Answer

Overcrowding

Answer

Using clear headings

Answer

Large, high-contrast fonts

Answer

Concise labels

Question 9

What is one of the potential questions that a good figure can answer?

Accepted Answer

Are there differences between groups?

Answer

What software was used to create the figure?

Answer

What is the exact number of data points?

Answer

Is the dataset too large?

Question 10

What is a benefit of using a violin plot over a bar plot?

Accepted Answer

It visualizes the distribution of a continuous variable for one or more categories.

Answer

It is less informative than a bar plot.

Answer

It only shows averages without distribution.

Answer

It can only handle one category at a time.

Question 11

What does 'aes' refer to in the Grammar of Graphs?

Accepted Answer

Aesthetic attributes of the geometric object.

Answer

A mathematical equation.

Answer

A type of data structure.

Answer

A software program.

Question 12

What is suggested as a good practice for font usage in figures?

Accepted Answer

Ensure large, high-contrast fonts.

Answer

Use low-contrast colors to blend in.

Answer

Avoid using any text at all.

Answer

Use small fonts to fit more text.

Question 13

When should you be first looking at your data in the form of a figure or graph?

Accepted Answer

As soon as you collect a small amount of initial data.

Answer

As soon as the final data sample is collected.

Answer

The first time you need to present data to others.

Answer

After all the data is collected and you are about to start writing your manuscript.

Question 14

What does the scatterplot primarily visualize?

Accepted Answer

The relationship between two continuous variables.

Answer

The difference between groups.

Answer

The distribution of one continuous variable.

Answer

The relationship between one continuous variable and a categorical variable.

Question 15

Why should one be cautious with smooth distributions in histograms?

Accepted Answer

They may be hiding important details about the data.

Answer

They are unnecessary in data analysis.

Answer

They are always inaccurate.

Answer

They are too complex to interpret.

Question 16

What kind of questions can exploratory data analysis help answer?

Accepted Answer

Questions like how does my data vary or are there differences between groups.

Answer

Questions that require advanced statistical modeling.

Answer

Questions regarding the physical layout of a lab.

Answer

Questions about personal opinions.

Question 17

In the context of data visualization, what is a heat map used for?

Accepted Answer

To visualize the density of data points or changes in data across different conditions.

Answer

To show trends over time exclusively.

Answer

To display only categorical data.

Answer

To represent complex statistical models.

Question 18

What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

Accepted Answer

To communicate important (but incomplete) information.

Answer

To provide detailed analysis of data.

Answer

To perform hypothesis testing.

Answer

To make predictions about future data.

Question 19

Which measure of centrality is most affected by extreme values?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Answer

Median

Answer

Interquartile Range

Question 20

What does the Interquartile Range (IQR) help measure?

Accepted Answer

The spread of the middle 50% of data values.

Answer

The total variation of the dataset.

Answer

The range of all data values.

Answer

The average of all data points.

Question 21

What is the sum of squares used for in statistics?

Accepted Answer

To measure the total variation around the mean.

Answer

To calculate the mean.

Answer

To determine the range.

Answer

To find the mode.

Question 22

Which of the following values represents variance?

Accepted Answer

cm^2

Answer

cm^5

Answer

cm

Answer

cm^3

Question 23

Why is standard deviation preferred over variance?

Accepted Answer

It’s in the same units as our data values.

Answer

It provides more detail.

Answer

It’s a traditional choice.

Answer

It is more accurate.

Question 24

What type of figure is a box plot commonly associated with?

Accepted Answer

Interquartile Range (IQR)

Answer

Histogram

Answer

Scatterplot

Answer

Bar plot

Question 25

How is the range calculated in a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Xmax - Xmin

Answer

Total number of data points

Answer

Mean of all values

Answer

X75% - X25%

Question 26

What do you call the values that help predict future outcomes in statistics?

Accepted Answer

Residuals

Answer

Standard Deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Variance

Question 27

What can you directly calculate from 100 measurements of daily caloric intake?

Accepted Answer

The sample mean

Answer

The estimated uncertainty

Answer

The true mean

Answer

The true standard deviation

Question 28

What is the significance of the Central Limit Theorem?

Accepted Answer

The distribution of sample means will be normally distributed, even if the population isn’t

Answer

It states that samples must be taken from a normal distribution

Answer

It shows the true mean is always equal to the sample mean

Answer

It proves that all populations are normally distributed

Question 29

Which of the following is a characteristic of the standard error?

Accepted Answer

It tells how accurate your estimate of the real mean is likely to be

Answer

It is always equal to the sample standard deviation

Answer

It is the same as the true standard deviation

Answer

It is a measure of variability within a single sample

Question 30

What does a 95% confidence interval imply?

Accepted Answer

There is a 95% chance that the true mean is within your confidence interval

Answer

It shows the variability of the sample mean

Answer

It guarantees that the true mean is within the interval

Answer

It means that all sample means will fall within this interval

Question 31

What kind of distribution is expected when plotting means from 100 samples taken from a uniform distribution?

Accepted Answer

A normal distribution

Answer

A skewed distribution

Answer

A bimodal distribution

Answer

A uniform distribution

Question 32

What can be inferred about a sample with a large standard deviation?

Accepted Answer

It is likely less accurate in estimating the true mean

Answer

It suggests the sample mean is more reliable

Answer

It has no relevance to the true mean

Answer

It indicates a higher probability of being close to the true mean

Question 33

What is one key reason the normal distribution is important in statistics?

Accepted Answer

It reflects the wisdom of crowds

Answer

It can only be used when data is perfect

Answer

It is the only distribution used in hypothesis testing

Answer

It has no relation to real-world phenomena

Question 34

If you take a single sample and find a mean of 8.5 with a 95% CI of ±1, what can be said about the true mean?

Accepted Answer

It is possible for the true mean to be outside the confidence interval

Answer

It is guaranteed to be 10

Answer

It is impossible for the true mean to be outside this interval

Answer

It must be exactly 8.5

Question 35

How can you quantify uncertainty when sampling from a population?

Accepted Answer

Using standard error and confidence intervals

Answer

Using standard deviation alone

Answer

By calculating only the sample mean

Answer

By relying on qualitative data

Question 36

What is the first step in the experimental journey?

Accepted Answer

You make an observation that inspires a question.

Answer

Conduct thorough background research

Answer

Identify variables

Answer

Make predictions

Question 37

Which of the following is a high-quality research question?

Accepted Answer

Does shifting meal timing from night-inclusive to day-restricted prevent autonomic and pro-thrombotic changes during a controlled 4-day night-shift simulation in healthy young adults?

Answer

Are daytime meals healthier than nighttime meals for people who work unusual schedules?

Answer

How does circadian misalignment influence human cardiovascular physiology?

Answer

Will eating exclusively in daylight hours optimize heart-rate variability?

Question 38

What defines an independent variable (IV)?

Accepted Answer

The factor the scientist changes on purpose to see what happens.

Answer

What we measure to see if the IV made a difference.

Answer

A variable that stays the same throughout the experiment.

Answer

The outcome of the experiment.

Question 39

What is a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A testable and falsifiable statement that explains a possible relationship between two or more variables.

Answer

A collection of facts about an experiment.

Answer

An untestable theory about a phenomenon.

Answer

A general observation about a scientific topic.

Question 40

Why do we focus on the null hypothesis (H₀) in statistics?

Accepted Answer

Because it’s precise and provides a clear standard to test against.

Answer

It is always correct.

Answer

It allows for multiple interpretations.

Answer

It guarantees no error in results.

Question 41

What is the importance of clarity and specificity in formulating scientific questions?

Accepted Answer

They protect from bias and misinterpretation.

Answer

They make the question more complex.

Answer

They decrease the reliability of results.

Answer

They increase the number of potential experiments.

Question 42

Which statistical assumption is considered the most critical to not violate?

Accepted Answer

Data values are independent of each other and represent the overall population

Answer

Normality

Answer

Equal variance between groups

Answer

All values can be dependent

Question 43

What should you do FIRST when you collect a small amount of data?

Accepted Answer

Conduct a statistical test to see if your variables are normally distributed.

Answer

Put each variable in a histogram.

Answer

Nothing, you should collect all your data before you analyze it.

Answer

Do the statistical analysis you were hoping to do on your whole dataset and see if it works.

Question 44

What is an example of an outlier in a dataset?

Accepted Answer

A value significantly higher than the rest in the distribution.

Answer

A value that fits well within the average range

Answer

A value below the lower quartile

Answer

A value that is equal to the mean

Question 45

What is a common method for treating outliers?

Accepted Answer

Winsorization

Answer

Standardizing

Answer

Log transformation

Answer

Normalizing

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a type of data transformation mentioned?

Accepted Answer

Adding 10 to every data point

Answer

Natural log transformation

Answer

Log transformation

Answer

Square root transformation

Question 47

After transforming your data by squaring it, what should you do before creating a histogram?

Accepted Answer

Take the square root

Answer

Nothing. Present it as is.

Answer

Log transform it

Answer

Square it again

Question 48

What is the function of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test?

Accepted Answer

Testing data for normality by comparing it to an ideal distribution

Answer

Identifying outliers

Answer

Measuring transformation effectiveness

Answer

Assessing the variance between two groups

Question 49

Which distribution is commonly used to model adult human heights?

Accepted Answer

Normal (Gaussian)

Answer

Bernoulli

Answer

Log-Normal

Answer

Poisson

Question 50

What does a p-value less than 0.05 in normality tests indicate?

Accepted Answer

Reject the null hypothesis of normality

Answer

Suggest data is perfectly normal

Answer

Accept the null hypothesis of normality

Answer

Indicate no significant difference

Question 51

Which transformation to data is termed as 'the last resort'?

Accepted Answer

Rank transformation

Answer

Log transformation

Answer

Square root transformation

Answer

Natural log transformation

Question 52

What test statistic is used when comparing the mean weight of chickens fed linseed to 200g?

Accepted Answer

One sample t-test

Answer

Paired t-test

Answer

Z-test

Answer

Welch's two-sample t-test

Question 53

If you want to check the assumption of normality for your data, which visual tool can you use?

Accepted Answer

Histogram

Answer

Scatterplot

Answer

Barplot

Answer

Boxplot

Question 54

What is the null hypothesis (H0) for the Welch's two-sample t-test comparing mean weights of chickens fed linseed and meatmeal?

Accepted Answer

There are no significant differences in mean weights between the two groups.

Answer

The mean weight of meatmeal-fed chickens is greater than linseed-fed chickens.

Answer

The mean weight of linseed-fed chickens is equal to 200g.

Answer

The mean weight of linseed-fed chickens is greater than meatmeal-fed chickens.

Question 55

What type of t-test should be used if you are measuring the same subjects before and after an intervention?

Accepted Answer

Paired t-test

Answer

Welch's two-sample t-test

Answer

One sample t-test

Answer

Z-test

Question 56

What is the purpose of setting alpha = 0.05 in hypothesis testing?

Accepted Answer

To specify the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis

Answer

To calculate the test statistic

Answer

To establish the type of test to be used

Answer

To determine the sample size

Question 57

In the context of the described tests, what does EDA stand for?

Accepted Answer

Exploratory Data Analysis

Answer

Evaluative Data Assessment

Answer

Empirical Data Analysis

Answer

Experimental Data Analysis

Question 58

What is the significance of checking for homoscedasticity when choosing a statistical test?

Accepted Answer

It ensures that the variances are equal across groups being compared

Answer

It indicates whether data is normally distributed

Answer

It measures the sample size adequacy

Answer

It tests for data independence

Question 59

Which hypothesis statement best represents the null hypothesis for a paired t-test comparing MPG before and after modifications?

Accepted Answer

The mean difference in MPG (before minus after for each car) is zero.

Answer

The mean MPG before the modification exceeds the mean MPG after the modification.

Answer

MPG is random both before and after the modification.

Answer

The mean mpg of all cars before is not different from the mean mpg of all cars after.

Question 60

What type of t-test would you use to compare the mean height of BILD 5 students with the mean height of UCSD students?

Accepted Answer

Two sample t-test

Answer

One sample t-test

Answer

Z-test

Answer

Paired t-test

Question 61

What is the primary question the ANOVA test seeks to answer regarding feed type and chickens?

Accepted Answer

Does feed type have a differential effect on the mean weight of chickens?

Answer

Is feed type irrelevant to chicken weight?

Answer

Do chickens prefer one type of feed over another?

Answer

Is the average weight of chickens the same across all feed types?

Question 62

What does the F statistic in ANOVA compare?

Accepted Answer

Variance between groups and variance within groups

Answer

Mean weight among all groups and mean weight of a single group

Answer

Total variance and sample variance

Answer

Standard deviation between groups and standard deviation within groups

Question 63

What is the null hypothesis in the context of the ANOVA test?

Accepted Answer

There is no effect of feed type on the mean weight of chickens.

Answer

Feed type does not matter in the context of chicken weight.

Answer

At least one feed type has a different mean weight effect.

Answer

All feed types lead to the same mean weight of chickens.

Question 64

What is the purpose of post-hoc tests after ANOVA?

Accepted Answer

To determine which specific groups are different from each other.

Answer

To re-run ANOVA with a different alpha level.

Answer

To calculate the overall variance of all groups.

Answer

To establish the null hypothesis for each group.

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