Small circular, extrachromosomal DNA segments are known as _______.

Single-stranded complementary tails that are produced by restriction digestion are called ______ ends.

Bacterial plasmids and artificial chromosomes are used as ______ to insert foreign DNA into host cells and create recombinant genomes.

The _________ from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetic engineering involving crop plant genes.

A ______ vaccine is produced by using only the non-infectious part of the viral genome.

Single-stranded ends generated by the same restriction enzyme are complementary to each other. They can be joined together,

Two strands of DNA that have been cut by an endonuclease can be sealed together by a(n)

All of the following involve molecular biology techniques except

Restriction enzymes are

A fourth type of restriction enzyme is identified that cleaves at precise locations like a type II enzyme, but it also occasionally makes mistakes and cuts elsewhere. Would this type of enzyme be a useful enzyme to use in molecular cloning?

A new vector contains a gene for GFP, green fluorescent protein in the multiple-cloning site. When the vector is transformed into bacteria, the bacteria glow green, but they won't if another gene is inserted. This is an example of

A nucleotide change from T to C in a green pigment protein is responsible for certain cases of colorblindness. To test if someone who is colorblind has this mutation, you should use

You are trying to clone a piece of DNA into a plasmid vector that exhibits blue-white selection. Following ligation and transformation, you plate the host cells onto several plates containing the appropriate selective media. The next day you examine the bacterial colonies that grew. Which of the following plates should you select to proceed with the analysis of possible transformants?

You are hired as a scientific consultant for a popular television show about forensic analysis of crime scene evidence. You are told that in an upcoming scene, investigators will compare the DNA profiles of a known suspect and an unknown biological sample collected from the victim. You are asked to write up a brief explanation of the primary technique required for discussion in the scene. Which technique should you write about?

In order to make a successful subunit vaccine you need

A new plant species is introduced to Daphne Major and produces small, thin seeds. This plant species is highly adapted to drought and after 5 years has replaced over 80% of the native plants that produce large seeds. How will this change affect the evolution of beak size in the medium ground finch population?

The evidence for industrial melanism being caused by an increase in the dark allele was provided from field tests carried out by

The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _______________ leading to evolutionary change.

Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp.) is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last one hundred years. Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings. Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true?

In a hypothetical study, equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later. According to the industrial melanism hypothesis, which of the following results is unexpected?

Which "alternate" hypothesis might also explain industrial melanism?

Comparing the evolution of domesticated dogs to the evolution of wolves over the same time period illustrates what relationship between artificial and natural selection?

Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true?

A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring in the rocks. This technique involves

Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?

Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is

The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is

Which one of the following is not important to the concept of homology?

The type of speciation that results in the formation of separate species as a result of geographic isolation is called ____________ speciation.

When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism.

Which isolating mechanism is postzygotic?

Evolution acts at the level of the

According to the Biological Species Concept, two groups of organisms that are unable to form fertile, viable hybrids are considered to be different

In 1938, scientists found a population of coelacanths in the Indian Ocean. This fish species is considered a “living fossil” and appears not to have changed morphologically for 80 million years. This discovery supports the ___________ model of evolution.

If populations within the same area split into species, the process is known as

Once species have formed, they keep their identity by

In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be

Scientists studying a group of related bird species on an island archipelago discover that these species are always more closely related to each other within an island than they are between any two islands. The most likely explanation for this result is that

Species formation among alpine buttercups in New Zealand was promoted by

Studies of snapping shrimp on either side of the Isthmus of Panama have shown that each Caribbean shrimp species is more closely related to a Pacific shrimp species than it is to any other Caribbean shrimp species. The most likely explanation for this result is

Punctuated equilibrium proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 is an evolutionary process that involves

Two bird species have different mating calls, occupy different habitats in nature, and when they hybridize, the hybrids are infertile. Which isolating mechanisms maintain these species?

Adaptive radiation is best described as the

Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ______________ characteristics.

One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogeny and systematics. Which friend is right?

The following steps are used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species. If you arranged these steps from first to last, which step would be last?

Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best represent

A group is considered monophyletic if

A group is considered polyphyletic if

Parental care in dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds is an example of

The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an example of