The net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The process by which water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

The process that requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, usually from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

A state in which the concentrations of all components in a system remain constant over time, even though they are continuously moving.

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules, such as glucose and fructose.

Compounds that do not primarily contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, typically including minerals and metals.

Biomolecules essential for storing and transferring genetic information within a cell.

Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Biological molecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

The process by which a protein loses its native shape and functional properties, often due to factors like heat or pH changes.

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy, usually along a concentration gradient.

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often causing cells to shrink when exposed to it.

Substances that can accept protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, often resulting in an increase in pH.

Large biomolecules made up of amino acids, which play critical roles in the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Substances that can donate protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, often resulting in a decrease in pH.

Compounds primarily containing carbon atoms, often in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements, which are fundamental to living organisms.

Molecules that are composed of sugar units, serving as a primary energy source for many organisms.

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution, often in response to solute concentration differences.

The ideal conditions under which a particular enzymatic reaction is most efficient.

A group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, often serving as long-term energy storage and structural components in cells.

The substances that result from the chemical reaction, often formed during the process of metabolism or synthesis.

Building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to swell when placed in it.