Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source

the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

A change from one form of energy to another

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments

combining parts into a whole

A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

A virus that infects bacteria

Outer protein coat of a virus

varicella zoster virus

a virus whose genome consists of DNA

Molecules responsible for heredity and variation of organisms.

inflammatory skin disease caused by herpes virus characterized by small blisters in clusters

An organism on which a parasite lives.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

maintain the body's defense against foreign and infectious material

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

protein particles that cause disease

An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.

a lymphocyte that identifies pathogens and distinguishes one pathogen from another

the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

mild, not cancerous

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

The cells that are produced as a result of mitosis. These cells are identical to each other, and also to the original parent cell.

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

the process of making a copy of DNA

first stage in interphase, during which cellular growth and development takes place

third stage of interphase during which organelle replication and protein synthesis takes place

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

mitosis and cytokinesis

(adj.) deadly, extremely harmful, evil; spiteful, malicious

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

Building blocks of protein

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA

Shape of DNA

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

similarity resulting from common ancestry

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

Different forms of a gene

During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide or protein depends on the

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

Sequence of 3 consecutive base nucleotides

a sequence of three nucleotides eg. ATC, that codes for a particular amino acid

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene

A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

a tree diagram, especially one showing taxonomic relationships.

behavior that is inherited genetically

stopping, controlling

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

how often a particular gene occurs in the population

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Classification system useful for storing and finding information about living things

The hierarchical system used for grouping and naming species of living organisms.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

a system for naming and grouping similar organisms together

The molecules of life that include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

sugar used in DNA to make up the "backbone"

Building Blocks of Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

opening

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

consists of stems and leaves

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

an animal that feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use

An organism that eats primary consumers

An organism that eats secondary consumers

Each step in a food chain or food web