Ana does not like to write at all.

A Ana no le gusta escribir para nada.

A Ana no le gusta escribe un poco.

Ana no gusta escribir para nada.

C 3.1 gustar and er, ir verbs

PSSA Grade 6 ELA - B-C.3.1.1

E.3.1.3.C.1(irregular nouns)

PSSA Grade 8 Math - M08.C-G.3.1.1

The expression 2 + 4 1 + 2 is equal to (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 5 2. The ones (units) digit of 542 is 2. When 542 is multiplied by 3, the ones (units) digit of the result is (A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 4 (E) 6 3. Some of the 1 × 1 squares in a 3 × 3 grid are shaded, as shown. What is the perimeter of the shaded region? (A) 10 (B) 14 (C) 8 (D) 18 (E) 20 4. If 3x + 4 = x + 2, the value of x is (A) 0 (B) −4 (C) −3 (D) −1 (E) −2 5. Which of the following is equal to 110% of 500? (A) 610 (B) 510 (C) 650 (D) 505 (E) 550 6. Eugene swam on Sunday, Monday and Tuesday. On Monday, he swam for 30 minutes. On Tuesday, he swam for 45 minutes. His average swim time over the three days was 34 minutes. For how many minutes did he swim on Sunday? (A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 27 (D) 32 (E) 37.5 7. For which of the following values of x is x 3 < x2 ? (A) x = 5 3 (B) x = 3 4 (C) x = 1 (D) x = 3 2 (E) x = 2112 years, Janice will be 8 times as old as she was 2 years ago. How old is Janice now? (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 2 (E) 6 10. In the diagram, pentagon T P SRQ is constructed from equilateral 4 P T Q and square P QRS. The measure of ∠ST R is equal to (A) 10◦ (B) 15◦ (C) 20◦ (D) 30◦ (E) 45◦ Q P R S T Part B: Each correct answer is worth 6. 11. In the diagram, which of the following points is at a different distance from P than the rest of the points? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E y A x 2 2 4 4 6 8 6 8 B C D E P 12. If x = 2 and y = x 2 − 5 and z = y 2 − 5, then z equals (A) −6 (B) −8 (C) 4 (D) 76 (E) −4 13. In the diagram, P QR is a straight line segment. If x + y = 76, what is the value of x? (A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 35 (D) 36 (E) 38 x° x° x° y° y° P Q R 14. The line with equation y = 2x − 6 is reflected in the y-axis. What is the x-intercept of the resulting line? (A) −12 (B) 6 (C) −6 (D) −3 (E) 0 15. Amy bought and then sold 15n avocados, for some positive integer n. She made a profit of $100. (Her profit is the difference between the total amount that she earned by selling the avocados and the total amount that she spent in buying the avocados.) She paid $2 for every 3 avocados. She sold every 5 avocados for $4. What is the value of n? (A) 100 (B) 20 (C) 50 (D) 30 (E) 8 16. If 3x = 5, the value of 3x+2 is (A) 10 (B) 25 (C) 2187 (D) 14 (E) 45

1. Bacalah teks berikut! Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga warna-warni yang bermekaran. Udara di sekitarnya terasa sejuk karena pepohonan rindang. Banyak kupu-kupu beterbangan di antara bunga. Taman sekolah dibangun pada tahun 2019. Kalimat yang sebaiknya dihapus agar deskripsi lebih fokus adalah ... A. Kalimat 1 B. Kalimat 2 C. Kalimat 3 ✅ D. Kalimat 4 2. Perhatikan tujuan teks deskripsi, yaitu membantu pembaca membayangkan suatu objek atau suasana. Di antara pilihan berikut, kalimat manakah yang paling efektif mencapai tujuan tersebut? A. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat sepi, hanya terdengar suara angin berhembus. ✅ B. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat ramai, penuh dengan suara tawar-menawar dan aroma makanan yang menggugah selera. C. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat kotor, sampah berserakan di mana-mana. D. Pasar tradisional pada malam hari sangat gelap, tidak ada satu pun lampu yang menyala. 3. Bacalah paragraf berikut! Pantai itu memiliki pasir putih yang lembut dan air laut yang jernih. Deburan ombak terdengar menenangkan di sepanjang pesisir. .... Pengunjung dapat menikmati keindahan pantai sambil merasakan semilir angin laut. Kalimat yang tepat untuk melengkapi paragraf tersebut adalah .... A. Pantai tersebut dibuka untuk umum pada tahun 2015. B. Banyak pedagang berjualan di sekitar pantai. ✅ C. Deretan pohon kelapa yang berjajar menambah keindahan pemandangan pantai. D. Pantai itu menjadi tujuan wisata masyarakat setempat. 4. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni tumbuh di sepanjang jalan setapak. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk. Di beberapa sudut taman terdapat bangku yang digunakan siswa untuk membaca dan beristirahat. Berdasarkan isi kutipan tersebut, bagian struktur teks deskripsi yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Identifikasi, karena memperkenalkan objek secara umum. B. Simpulan, karena berisi penegasan akhir. ✅ C. Deskripsi bagian, karena menjelaskan ciri-ciri objek secara rinci. D. Koda, karena berisi pesan penulis. 5. Bacalah paragraf-paragraf berikut! A. Pada hari Minggu, Rina dan keluarganya pergi ke pantai. Mereka bermain pasir dan menikmati suasana pantai hingga sore hari. B. Untuk membuat es teh, siapkan gelas, teh, gula, dan air panas. Setelah itu, seduh teh dan tambahkan gula secukupnya. C. Taman sekolah tampak asri dan bersih. Berbagai bunga berwarna-warni bermekaran di setiap sudut taman. Pohon-pohon rindang membuat udara terasa sejuk dan nyaman bagi para siswa. D. Sampah merupakan sisa kegiatan manusia yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu menjaga kebersihan dengan membuang sampah pada tempatnya. Paragraf yang termasuk teks deskripsi adalah .... A. Paragraf A B. Paragraf B ✅ C. Paragraf C D. Paragraf D 6. Perhatikan paragraf berikut! Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat masyarakat Minangkabau yang memiliki bentuk atap menyerupai tanduk kerbau. Untuk mencapai bangunan utama, pengunjung harus melewati halaman yang luas dan bersih. Di sepanjang jalan menuju rumah adat tersebut, tampak taman yang tertata rapi serta pepohonan yang rindang. Suasana sejuk dan nyaman membuat pengunjung betah berada di kawasan itu. Isi paragraf deskripsi di atas adalah .... A. Gambaran bentuk atap Rumah Gadang ✅ B. Gambaran perjalanan dan suasana menuju Rumah Gadang C. Gambaran sejarah Rumah Gadang D. Gambaran kegiatan masyarakat Minangkabau Kunci Jawaban: B 7. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Rumah adat itu memiliki panjang 20 meter dan lebar 10 meter." Teks B "Rumah adat itu tampak megah dengan ukiran berwarna emas dan atap yang menjulang tinggi." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah melihat objek secara langsung, teks yang lebih efektif adalah .... A. Teks A, karena berisi data yang akurat. ✅ B. Teks B, karena menggunakan rincian yang membangun imajinasi pembaca. C. Keduanya sama efektif. D. Keduanya tidak sesuai. 8. Perhatikan susunan paragraf berikut! (1) Dinding museum dihiasi berbagai foto bersejarah dan koleksi benda peninggalan masa lampau. (2) Museum Nasional merupakan salah satu museum terbesar di Indonesia. (3) Ruangan museum tampak bersih, luas, dan tertata rapi. Agar menjadi teks deskripsi yang runtut, urutan yang tepat adalah .... A. (1)-(2)-(3) ✅ B. (2)-(1)-(3) C. (3)-(1)-(2) D. (1)-(3)-(2) 9. "Pembaca diharapkan dapat memahami letak berbagai fasilitas di lingkungan sekolah tanpa harus melihat denah." Jenis deskripsi yang paling tepat digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah .... A. Subjektif, karena dapat menunjukkan kesan penulis terhadap sekolah. B. Objektif, karena menyajikan data tentang sekolah. ✅ C. Spasial, karena menekankan posisi dan hubungan antarlokasi dalam ruang. D. Imajinatif, karena membuat pembaca berimajinasi. 10. Seorang siswa menulis deskripsi berikut. "Perpustakaan sekolah itu bagus. Banyak buku ada di sana." Guru menilai teks tersebut belum mampu menghadirkan gambaran yang kuat kepada pembaca. Perbaikan yang paling tepat adalah .... A. Menambahkan jumlah buku yang tersedia. B. Menambahkan tahun berdirinya perpustakaan. ✅ C. Menggunakan kata sifat dan rincian pancaindra yang memperjelas kondisi perpustakaan. D. Menambahkan nama petugas perpustakaan. Bacalah teks berikut untuk soal nomor 11 - 15! “Perpustakaan sekolah memiliki ruangan yang luas dan bersih. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi di setiap sudut ruangan. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. Suasana yang tenang membuat siswa nyaman membaca." 11. Seorang siswa berpendapat bahwa teks tersebut akan tetap mencapai tujuan deskripsi meskipun kalimat tentang pencahayaan dihilangkan. Pendapat tersebut .... A. Benar, karena pencahayaan tidak berhubungan dengan kenyamanan membaca. B. Benar, karena informasi tentang rak buku sudah cukup menggambarkan perpustakaan. C. Kurang tepat, karena pencahayaan membantu menunjukkan kondisi fisik perpustakaan meskipun bukan unsur utama. ✅ D. Salah, karena tanpa kalimat tersebut teks tidak lagi termasuk teks deskripsi. 12. Penggunaan kata luas, bersih, rapi, terang, dan tenang dalam teks tersebut berfungsi untuk .... A. Menjelaskan urutan kegiatan yang dilakukan di perpustakaan. B. Menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat dalam teks. ✅ C. Membantu pembaca membayangkan kondisi perpustakaan secara lebih jelas. D. Menyampaikan pendapat penulis tentang pentingnya membaca. 13. Jika kalimat "rak-rak buku tersusun rapi" dihilangkan, dampaknya adalah A. Teks menjadi lebih jelas B. Gambaran perpustakaan menjadi kurang lengkap C. Teks berubah menjadi narasi D. Tidak ada perubahan Jawaban: B 14. Berdasarkan isi teks, faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan perpustakaan adalah .... A. Ukuran ruangan yang luas. B. Banyaknya rak buku. C. Jendela yang besar. ✅ D. Kombinasi suasana tenang, pencahayaan yang baik, dan penataan ruang yang rapi 15. Kalimat tambahan yang paling sesuai untuk memperkuat deskripsi perpustakaan adalah A. Banyak siswa meminjam buku B. Perpustakaan memiliki seorang petugas C. Perpustakaan dibuka setiap hari Senin D. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar✅ Jawaban: D 16. Perhatikan kedua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Menurutku, Rumah Gadang merupakan rumah adat yang paling indah karena bentuk atapnya yang unik dan megah." Teks B "Rumah Gadang memiliki atap berbentuk menyerupai tanduk kerbau dan dinding yang dihiasi ukiran khas Minangkabau." Perbedaan utama kedua kutipan tersebut adalah .... A. Teks A menggunakan fakta, sedangkan Teks B menggunakan pendapat. B. Teks A termasuk deskripsi objektif, sedangkan Teks B deskripsi subjektif. ✅ C. Teks A termasuk deskripsi subjektif karena mengandung pendapat penulis, sedangkan Teks B lebih objektif karena menggambarkan objek berdasarkan ciri yang tampak. D. Kedua teks termasuk deskripsi subjektif. 17. Perhatikan dua kutipan berikut! Teks A "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni." Teks B "Taman sekolah dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni. Aroma bunga yang harum tercium saat angin bertiup dan udara terasa sejuk di bawah pepohonan rindang." Jika tujuan penulis adalah membuat pembaca seolah-olah hadir di lokasi yang dideskripsikan, alasan paling kuat memilih Teks B adalah .... A. Menggunakan kalimat yang lebih panjang daripada Teks A. B. Menyajikan informasi yang lebih banyak daripada Teks A. C. Memanfaatkan lebih dari satu pancaindra sehingga gambaran objek menjadi lebih hidup. ✅ D. Menggunakan kata sifat yang lebih beragam daripada Teks A. Jebakan: D hampir benar, tetapi yang menjadi inti adalah penggunaan pancaindra. 18. (C4-C5 Analisis) Perhatikan kalimat berikut! "Perpustakaan sekolah nyaman." Manakah informasi yang paling tidak mendukung penguatan deskripsi tersebut? A. Cahaya matahari masuk melalui jendela besar sehingga ruangan tampak terang. B. Rak-rak buku tersusun rapi dan mudah dijangkau siswa. C. Udara di dalam ruangan terasa sejuk dan segar. D. Perpustakaan diresmikan oleh kepala sekolah pada tahun 2021. ✅ Jebakan: Semua opsi berupa informasi tentang perpustakaan, tetapi hanya D yang tidak membantu pembaca membayangkan suasana. 19. (C5 Evaluasi) Perhatikan dua kalimat berikut! (1) Kelas itu bersih. (2) Kelas itu tampak bersih dengan lantai mengilap dan meja yang tertata rapi. Jika kalimat (2) diganti menjadi kalimat (1), perubahan yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Informasi utama tetap ada, tetapi kekuatan deskripsi dalam membangun imajinasi pembaca berkurang. ✅ B. Teks menjadi tidak sesuai dengan struktur deskripsi. C. Teks berubah menjadi teks laporan hasil observasi. D. Makna teks menjadi bertentangan dengan tujuan penulis. Jebakan: A dan D terlihat mirip, tetapi D terlalu berlebihan. 20. "Taman sekolah itu dipenuhi bunga berwarna-warni yang bermekaran dan pepohonan rindang yang membuat udara terasa sejuk." Jika kata berwarna-warni, bermekaran, dan rindang dihilangkan, dampak yang paling mungkin terjadi adalah .... A. Struktur teks menjadi tidak lengkap. B. Informasi dalam teks menjadi tidak benar. C. Tujuan teks berubah menjadi teks narasi. ✅ D. Gambaran objek menjadi kurang jelas sehingga pembaca lebih sulit membayangkan suasana taman.

Quale dei seguenti numeri è un numero intero relativo? a) -3/4 b) 5.25 c) -8 d) √9 Risolvi: -6 + (-3). a) 9 b) -9 c) 3 d) -3 Calcola: -2 * 7. a) -14 b) 14 c) -5 d) 5 Quale di queste espressioni è equivalente a -(-5)? a) 5 b) -5 c) 10 d) -10 Quanto vale 3^(-2)? a) 1/9 b) 9 c) -9 d) 1/3 Qual è il risultato di (-4)^3? a) -64 b) 64 c) -12 d) 12 Sottrai -8 da -3. a) 5 b) -5 c) -11 d) 11 Calcola: 2^(-3). a) 1/8 b) 8 c) -8 d) -1/8 Quale dei seguenti numeri è un intero relativo maggiore di -5? a) -6 b) -4 c) 0 d) -1 Quale delle seguenti affermazioni è falsa? a) Ogni numero naturale è anche un numero intero relativo. b) Un numero negativo è sempre minore di zero. c) L'opposto di un numero positivo è negativo. d) La somma di due numeri negativi è sempre negativa.

LESSON 4. Cellular Respiration • Define cellular respiration • Identify the stages of clan respiration You have just learned how the energy from the sun is captured, processed, and stored in the form of glucose. Cellular respiration, another important life process, is the means by which cells release the stored energy in glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The primary goal of this life process is to convert stored energy into usable form, such as ATP, for the cells to carry out their functions. Cellular respiration involves several chemical reactions. The reactions can be summed up in the following equation: C6 H12 O6 + 602 ----- 6 CO₂ +6H₂O + ATP Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy Aerobic respiration reactions, or cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen, can be grouped into three stages glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC). Stage 1: Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process that breaks down one molecule of 6-C glucose into 3-C pyruvates or pyruvic acids. It also releases four molecules of ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The following is the step-by-step process of glycolysis. Take note that several enzymes are involved in this process. 1. The first step of glycolysis requires energy. It can only proceed when the two ATP molecules donate energy to the glucose by transferring a phosphate group with the help of an enzyme, producing glucose 6-phosphate 2. Then, a specific enzyme promotes the rearrangement of the atoms, producing the fructose 6-phosphate. 3. The action of the enzyme in step 2 promotes the transfer of a phosphate group from another ATP molecule, forming fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 4. The resulting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate molecules, with the help of another enzyme, splits into two molecules, each with three carbon backbones. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. 5. Another important enzyme then rapidly interconverts the molecules of dihydro-xyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This produces two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) 6. The succeeding step involves another enzyme-mediated action. The hydrogen (H) from PGAL is transferred to the oxidizing agent, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which forms NADH. A phosphate (P) is also added from the cytosol of the cell to oxidize the two molecules of PGAL, forming two 1.3-bisphosphoglycerate. 7. A phosphate (P) from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to form ATP. This happens for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. resulting to a yield of two ATP and two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules. 8. A phosphate is transferred from 3-phosphoglycerate molecules from the third carbon to the second carbon, forming 2-phosphoglycerate molecules A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl ((OH) group is released, which then combines to form water (H2O). The removal of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate results in the formation of 2- phosphoglycerate molecules. 9. A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl ((OH) group is released, which then combines to form water (H2O). The removal of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate results in the formation of two phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) 10. Phosphate (P) from PEP is transferred to ADP (and forms ATP) and the final product, pyruvic acid. This reaction yields two molecules of pyruvic acid and two ATP molecules In summary, a single glucose molecule that undergoes the process of glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid, four molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADEL and two molecules of H.O. However, only two molecules of ATP are counted as net products since two molecules of ATP are spent throughout the process. Stage II: Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle, named after its proponent Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, is a cyclical series of enzyme-controlled reactions. This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It is sometimes. called the citric acid cycle (CAC) since it produces citric acid. Citric acid contains three carboxyl (COOH) groups; hence, it is also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This requires the pyruvic acids produced during glycolysis. The main function of this cycle is to produce high-energy-yielding molecules, namely, NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH) that will later on be used in the electron transport chain reaction. Figure 6-7. Summary of glycolysis and corresponding products in each reaction presented (See Appendix F on page 285 for an enlarged and complete version of the image.) An initial process is needed for the Krebs cycle to begin. As a pyruvate molecule from glycolysis enters the mitochondrion, it undergoes an important preliminary ate to form acetyl-CoA reaction. Coenzyme-A (COA) combines with pyruvate help of an enzymatic complex. This conversion also produces CO, and NADH. The Krebs cycle is summarized as follows. Take note that several enzymes are involved in this process. 1. The Krebs cycle technically begins when the acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid (OAA), a 4-C molecule, to produce citric acid, a 6-C molecule. 2. With the aid of an enzyme, the citric acid now goes through a series of reactions that releases energy. Water molecule is removed from the citric acid and is returned in a different location. The-OH group is repositioned, forming the molecule isocitrate. 3. Isocitrate is then oxidized, forming the a-ketoglutarate, a 5-C molecule. The byproducts of this reaction are NADH and CO, 4 The a-ketoglutarate loses its CO, and a coenzyme-A is added in its place. The decarboxylation occurs with the help of NAD, which then becomes NADH. The resulting molecule is called succinyl-CoA. 5. Succinyl-CoA is converted into succinate. Also in this reaction, a molecule of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is synthesized. The GTP molecule has similar structure and energy properties to that of ATP and is used by cells the same way. The free phosphate group attacks the succinyl-CoA molecule, which detaches the COA. Then, phosphate is attached to GDP to come up with GTP, similar to the process that occur in ATP synthesis (from ADP to ATP). 6. Two hydrogens are removed from succinate, A molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a coenzyme similar to NAD, is reduced to FADH, as it takes the hydrogens from the succinate. This reaction produces the fumarate. 7. Fumarate is then converted into malate as the addition of a water molecule is catalyzed. The final reaction is the regeneration of oxaloacetate. The resulting byproduct of this regeneration is NADH Recall that two pyruvate molecules were produced during glycolysis, causing the Krebs cycle to turn twice. Each tuts produces three molecules of NADH, single ATH one FADIH, and the by-product CO, which is exhaled. Stage III: Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of photon pumps on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electron transport is the last stage of the cellular respiration. In this stage, the energy from NADH and FADH, from the Krebs cycle is transferred to ADP to produce ATP. This process is generally known as oxidative phosphorylation. This energy coupling mechanism in the cell was revealed by the work of Peter stored energy in the form of proton (1) gradient to phosphorylate (add phosphate) ADP and produce ATP. The pumping of hydrogen sons across the inner membrane creates higher concentration ions in the inner membrane than on the outside of the membrane. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane where the concentration of ions is lower. ATP synthase lined in the matrix serve as a channel protein, helping the ions to move across the membrane. The chemiosmotic gradient powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, which also occurs in the ATP synthase. After passing through the ETC, the oxygen, being the final hydrogen acceptor, combines with two electrons and two protons, forming a water molecule. Water is a by-product of cellular respiration and is excreted. MINI TEST 6-3 1. Which energy-releasing pathway yields the most ATF in each glucose molecule? 2. Briefly describe the two stages of aerobic respiration that follow glycolysis: (a) Krebs cycle (b) Electron transport chain Anaerobic Respiration Most cells carry out arrobic respiration when oxygen is present. Aerobic respiration is an efficient process that yields a lot of ATP. However, many organisms thrive in mud, marshes, animal gut, canned goods, sewage treatment pond, and deep oceans where oxygen is scarce. Organisms that can live without oxygen are called anaerobes. Cellular respiration that proceeds without the presence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. In the event that the oxygen supply becomes low, aerobic cells also perform fermentation and lactic acid fermentation anaerobic pathways. There are two common anaerobic pathways in these cells, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced by some cells using the pyruvate from glycolysis. Each pyruvate molecule is rearranged into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, which is eventually released. NADII gives up electrons to acetaldehyde to form ethanol Fermentation is widely used in the industry. Yeast, a fungus used in making bread. can undergo anaerobic respiration. Bakers aux sugar, flour, water, and yeast to form the bread dough. The dough rises due to the carbon dioxide and alcohol released by the yeast cells trapped in air bubbles. Beer and wine manufacturers, we yeast to ferment the sugars in wheat and grape juice, forming alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. In some cells, glycolysis produces two pyruvates, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Pyruvate itself becomes the final acceptor of the electrons from the NADH that produces the final product: lactate. Oftentimes, this product is called lactic acid. Human skeletal muscles can carry out fermentation when the blood cannot supply the cells with adequate oxygen during strenuous activities. When lactic acid builds up in the muscles, fatigue, burning sensation, and cramps result. Lactic acid will continue to build up until there is adequate supply of oxygen. Lactic acid is then converted back into pyruvate in the liver. Muscles also restore normal functions. Have you ever wondered why milk or cream turns sour after some time? Bacterial cells that undergo fermentation are responsible in producing lactate that turns the milk sour. These bacteria are used in manufacturing yogurt and sour milk products. Fermentation pathways do not breakdown and utilize the glucose completely. ATP is no longer produced beyond the process of glycolysis. Thus, energy produced is just enough for some single-celled organisms, or the energy can only be used by multicellular organisms for a short period.

Section C.1-C.3 Remediation

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