Question 1

Which of the following is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Lipids - store energy

Answer

Carbohydrates - provide thermal insulation

Answer

Nucleic Acids - main source of energy

Answer

Proteins - transmit genetic information

Question 2

Which of the following is characteristic of a C3 plant’s metabolic cycle?

Accepted Answer

The carboxylation enzyme is ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

Answer

The first stable product is oxaloacetate

Answer

The dark reaction requires 30 ATP

Answer

The initial carbon dioxide acceptor is phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes a major function of microtubules?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate intracellular transport

Answer

Cell cleavage during telophase

Answer

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Answer

Muscle contraction

Question 4

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors bind at an allosteric site, rather than an active site, as pictured above. Which of the following is true regarding noncompetitive inhibitors as they relate to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?

Accepted Answer

They have no effect on the KM (Michaelis constant) of a reaction

Answer

They inhibit the binding of a substrate to the enzyme’s active site

Answer

They increase the Vmax of a reaction

Answer

They have no effect on 1/2 Vmax of a reaction

Question 5

Western blotting is a technique that can allow one to determine if cancer cells express certain tumor-producing growth receptors on their surface. Which of the following steps of western blotting is incorrect (assume the order is correct)?

Accepted Answer

An electric current is applied and proteins migrate toward the negative electrode

Answer

Cells are collected and solubilized in detergent to release cytoplasmic contents

Answer

Cell lysates are denatured and are loaded onto a gel alongside a ladder

Answer

Separated proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane or polyvinylidene fluoride membrane

Question 6

Proteins often act as enzymes, or biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy. Which of the following correctly matches an enzyme class with its general function?

Accepted Answer

Kinase - transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from a high energy carrier, such as ATP

Answer

Hydrolase - rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

Answer

Phosphatase - runs redox reactions

Answer

Protease - transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate

Question 7

Which of the following does not represent a function of a cytokine?

Accepted Answer

Increasing cell replication to aid with tumor development

Answer

Regulation of cell differentiation, transformation, and migration

Answer

Inducing organ-specific growth without causing cell death

Answer

Inducing necrosis and apoptosis in insulin-producing cells

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding cell osmolarity is true?

Accepted Answer

In a hypotonic environment, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity or solute concentration than the cell’s fluid

Answer

In a hypertonic environment, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity or solute concentration than the cell’s fluid

Answer

In an isotonic environment, the extracellular fluid has a different osmolarity than the cell’s fluid

Answer

In a hypotonic environment, the cell’s fluid has lower osmolarity or solute concentration than the extracellular fluid

Question 9

The Michaelis-Menten equation expresses the relationship between reaction velocity (V ) and substrate concentration ([S]) for enzymatic reactions involving a single substrate. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

When every active site of the enzyme is continuously occupied by substrate, adding more substrate will not increase the rate of reaction

Answer

When every active site of the enzyme is continuously occupied by substrate, adding more substrate will increase the rate of reaction in a linear fashion

Answer

When every active site of the enzyme is continuously occupied by substrate, adding more substrate will increase the rate of reaction in an exponential fashion

Answer

When every active site of the enzyme is continuously occupied by substrate, the enzyme is acting at 2Vmax

Question 10

The diagram shows an extrinsic pathway of cellular apoptosis. Apoptosis is a process of cell suicide, executed by specialized protein-cleaving enzymes called caspases. Which of the following correctly describes the function of extrinsic apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Eradicating cells that are harboring an intracellular infection or are transformed and potentially malignant

Answer

Disrupting B and T cell homeostasis

Answer

Increasing the concentration of neutrophils after clearance of a pathogen

Answer

Elimination of ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

Referring to the same diagram as the previous question, which of the following is least likely to be a valid conclusion from the information presented?

Accepted Answer

S1 cleavage allows for the heterodimer to dissociate from the membrane-anchored DISC, leading to a cytosolic pool of inactive caspase-8

Answer

Multiple ligand-receptor complexes cluster together at the cell membrane, triggering re- cruitment of the adaptor protein FADD and the apoptosis-initiating protease caspase-8

Answer

The ligase complex CUL3/RBX1 catalyzes polyubiquitination on the p10 domain of caspase- 8, which can be reversed by the enzyme A20

Answer

The RING domain-containing adaptor protein TRAF2 mediates K48 ubiquitination on the p18 region of caspase-8

Question 12

The role of Ca2+ as a second messenger was first discovered in excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. Which of the following statements regarding the importance of calcium ions in the body is false?

Accepted Answer

In skeletal muscle, Ca2 + mobilization from the store is elicited individually (as opposed to simultaneously) everywhere throughout the cell with the aid of an action potential

Answer

The effect of Ca2+ can be localized to a confined region, which is especially important in nerve cells, where localized responses such as synaptic plasticity are required

Answer

Autoregulation of Ca2+ occurs at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels

Answer

Ca2+ controls secretion, including neurotransmitter release, gene expression, the generation of fuels in numerous metabolic pathways, and a number of other important functions

Question 13

Place the above steps of a NADP-ME C4 plant’s metabolic cycle in chronological order.

Accepted Answer

K, J, M, L

Answer

J, K, L, M

Answer

K, M, L, J

Answer

L, J, M, K

Answer

M, L, K, J

Question 14

The most important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis is:

Accepted Answer

Phosphofructokinase

Answer

Hexokinase

Answer

Enolase

Answer

Aldolase

Answer

Pyruvate kinase

Question 15

The cells shown above are most likely in an _______ environment.

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic

Answer

Isotonic

Answer

Hypotonic

Question 16

The powerhouse of the cell!!!

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Chloroplast

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Flagellum

Answer

Vacuole

Question 17

The fungal cell wall is mainly composed of:

Accepted Answer

Chitin

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sucrose

Answer

Lignin

Answer

Cellulose

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true regarding membrane phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids can move laterally on one layer of the membrane

Answer

Phospholipids do not flip between the cytosolic and extracellular leaflets

Answer

Phospholipids are able to leave the membrane and dissolve in the cytosol

Answer

A and B

Answer

All of the above

Question 19

What are the advantages and disadvantages of light microscopes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes?

Accepted Answer

Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes kill the cell. Electron microscopes are costly and low resolution.

Answer

Advantage: In light microscopes, the light beam does not kill the cell. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing intricate details of a specimen and have high resolution. Disadvantage: Light microscopes have low resolving power. Electron microscopes are costly and require killing the specimen.

Answer

Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and are costly. Electron microscopes uses short wavelength of electrons and hence have lower magnification.

Answer

Advantage: Light microscopes have high magnification. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and have lower resolution. Electron microscopes can be used only for viewing ultra-thin specimens.

Question 20

Which of these is a possible explanation for the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants?

Accepted Answer

Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking.

Answer

Plants remain exposed to changes in temperature and thus require rigid cell walls to protect themselves.

Answer

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to protect themselves from grazing animals.

Answer

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to prevent the influx of waste material.

Question 21

What is the smallest cell?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma gallicepticum

Answer

Stem cells

Answer

Blood cells

Answer

All of the above

Question 22

What is Cell Biology?

Accepted Answer

The study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.

Answer

The study of paper.

Answer

The study of Science Olympiad.

Answer

The study of feeding a little cute piglet.

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