brain, spinal cord

the embryonic structure that the brain and spinal cord originate from primary brain vesicles

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon; form from primary ones

cerebrum; cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus,) retina

brain stem; midbrain

brainstem; pons; cerebellum

brain stem; medulla oblongata

short, non-myelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies.

mostly myelinated axons with some non-myelinated axons, primarily in fiber tracts. The dense coating of fatty myelin is what gives white matter its color

(2) lateral horns, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

TRUE

ependymal cells

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

central, parietal-occipital, lateral

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex (hill); convolution

deep grooves in the brain-- transverse, longitudinal

gray matter surrounded by white matter

islands of gray matter situated deep within the white matter of the brain

the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where our conscious mind is found. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, to communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements; all neurons are interneurons

motor areas, sensory areas association areas

contralateral

voluntary movement

broad areas of primary motor cortex devoted to controlling movements of different body regions

planning and movement

speech production and in preparation to speak. motor speech area, present in one hemisphere only (usually left)

located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area; controls voluntary movement of the eyes.

Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation, the sensory areas of the cortex, occur in the parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

Gustatory cortex; Olfactory cortex; Primary auditory cortex; Primary somatosensory cortex; Primary visual cortex; Vestibular cortex; Visceral sensory area

receive inputs from multiple senses and send outputs to multiple areas; allows us to give meaning to the information that we receive, store it in memory, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and decide what action to take.

has a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole; awareness of an entire scene unfolding

ntellect, complex learning abilities (called cognition), recall, and personality, working memory, which is necessary for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning, still developing throughout young adulthood, depends heavily on environmental feedback

provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us. Hippocampus establishes memories that allow us to remember an incident

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers, myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts, classified according to the direction in which they run as association, commissural, or projection

receive information from the general (somatic), sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors, identify the body region being stimulated, an ability called spatial discrimination, run horizontally

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, largest commissure is the corpus callosum, run horizontally

Sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and motor output leaves it through these projection fibers. They tie the cortex to the rest of the nervous system, run vertically

Deep within the cerebral white matter is the third basic region of each hemisphere, a group of subcortical nuclei, they are caudate nucleus, putamen & globus pallidus, receive input from the entire cerebral cortex, have no direct access to motor pathways

involved in the control of movement, important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex, especially those that are relatively slow or stereotyped, such as arm-swinging during walking.

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

is the relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex, makes up 80% of the diencephalon, bilateral egg-shaped nuclei, which form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle, large number of nuclei,

plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory. It is truly the gateway to the cerebral cortex, Inputs that help regulate emotion and visceral function from the hypothalamus. Instructions that help direct the activity of the motor cortices from the cerebellum and basal nuclei; Inputs for memory or sensory integration that are projected to specific association cortices

mammillary bodies, paired pealike nuclei that bulge ventrally from the hypothalamus, are relay stations in the olfactory pathways, Between the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies is the infundibulum, a stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus

main visceral control center of the body

See image

most dorsal portion of the diencephalon, forms the roof of the third ventricle, pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin and, along with hypothalamic nuclei, helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

includes: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, deep gray matter surrounded by white matter fiber tracts, the brain stem has nuclei of gray matter embedded in the white matter, a feature not found in the spinal cord

located between the diencephalon and pons, contains a large pyramidal (corticospinal) motor tract descending toward the spinal cord. Nuclei are also scattered in the surrounding white matter of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina - superior colliculi & inferior colliculi, superior colliculi, are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object, substantia nigra-color reflects a high content of melanin pigment,neurotransmitter (dopamine)

the bulging brain stem region wedged between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, the fourth ventricle separates it from the cerebellum, is chiefly composed of conduction tracts

The vestibular nuclei mediate responses that maintain equilibrium, nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus → serve as relay nuclei in a pathway by which general somatic and proprioceptive sensory information ascends from the spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex

regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate), Additional centers regulate such activities as vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

processes input from cerebral motor cortex, brainstem nuclei & sensory receptors, precise timing & patterns for skeletal muscle, coordinated movements, activity occurs subconsciously

medial= motor activities of trunk & girdle, intermediate= distal parts of limbs & skilled movements, lateral= association, planning movements, flocculonodular= adjust posture for balance

3 paired fiber tracts connect cerebellum to brain stem, ipsilateral fibers, superior cerebellar, middle cerebellar, inferior

plays a role in thinking, language, & emotion, may compare the actual output of the systems with expected output and adjust accordingly.

a group of structures located on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon, cerebral structures encircle (limbus = ring) the upper part of the brain stem- includes amigdaloid body, emotional-visceral brain, react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening, consciously aware of the emotional richness of our lives

critical for responding to perceived threats (such as angry or fearful facial expressions) with fear or aggression

expressing our emotions through gestures and in resolving mental conflicts when we are frustrated

often recall memories of emotion-laden events

Most limbic system output is relayed through the hypothalamus--neural clearinghouse for both autonomic (visceral) function and emotional response-- under acute or unrelenting emotional stress- visceral illness (HTN, Heartburn)

Disorders with physical symptoms that originate from emotional causes

can understand language but have difficulty speaking (and sometimes cannot write or type or use sign language)

are able to speak but produce a type of nonsense often referred to as "word salad." They also have great difficulty understanding language

declarative, procedural, motor, emotional

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared- names, faces, words, and dates

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

memory of motor skills (riding a bike)

The technique of calling upon your own memories to understand a character's emotions.--your pounding heart when you hear a rattlesnake nearby

working memory, limited to seven or eight chunks of information

seems to have a limitless capacity, can be forgotten, and so our memory bank continually changes with time

Emotional (norepinephrine, transfer is almost immediate), Rehearsal (Rehearsing or repeating the material enhances memory), association (linking new with existing memories), automatic (Not all impressions that become part of LTM are consciously formed)

fitting new facts into the categories of knowledge already stored in the cerebral cortex for a memory to become permanent

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

alpha, beta, theta, delta

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity, awake & alert

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep, common in children awake

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

true

wavelengths per second- hertz (Hz)

encompasses perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgment, perseverance, and so on

alertness, drowsiness or lethargy, stupor, coma

REM and non-REM

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Cover and protect the CNS, Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, Contain cerebrospinal fluid, Form partitions in the skull

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

middle layer of the meninges-- forms a loose brain covering, never dipping into the sulci at the cerebral surface, separated from the dura mater by a narrow serous cavity, the subdural space, which contains a film of fluid, has arachnoid granulations,

Knoblike projections, protrude superiorly through the dura mater and into the superior sagittal sinus. These granulations absorb CSF into the venous blood of the sinus.

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges,"gentle mother" delicate connective tissue and contains many tiny blood vessels, clings tightly to the brain like plastic wrap, following its every convolution

Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS, produced by ependymal cells