deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded)

ribonucleic acid (single stranded)

adenine (pairs with thymine in DNA)

thymine (pairs with adenine in DNA)

cytosine (pairs with guanine in DNA)

guanine (pairs with cytosine in DNA)

uracil (RNA only...replaces thymine)

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

shape/structure of DNA

hold the complimentary base pairs of DNA together

first phase of protein synthesis...DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

second phase of protein synthesis...mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced by chaining together amino acids at a ribosome

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein (AUG...methionine)

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation (UGA, UAG, UGA)

Credited with the discovery of DNA structure

The percentages of guanine and cytosine are almost equal, the same for thymine and adenine

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA through transcription and translation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides. Does not effect anything beyond that point.

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence. Causes a 'shifted' effect in all following codons.

mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

a change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA

a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene

A mutation involving a piece of a chromosome that breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation.

a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the same strand