The medieval practice of paying money for positions within the Church.

A series of religious wars initiated by the Christian states of Europe to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

A system of agriculture where three fields are rotated, with one field left fallow to maintain fertility.

The period of history characterized by a revival of art and culture based on classical sources, which began in Italy in the 14th century.

A major figure in the history of the Catholic Church who called for the First Crusade in 1095.

A Muslim leader known for his role during the Crusades, particularly the conflict against Richard the Lion Hearted.

The English king known for his leadership during the Third Crusade and his conflict with Saladin.

The historical period characterized by the effort to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

A formal and systematic investigation by the Church aimed at combating heresy.

An association of craftsmen or merchants that earned the right to trade and regulate the practice of their craft.

The significant economic transformation that occurred in Europe during the late Middle Ages, marked by increased trade and commerce.

A term used to describe a member of the middle class in medieval European cities, often involved in trade and commerce.

The use of the everyday language of a region, as opposed to Latin, in written and spoken forms.

A prominent philosopher and theologian of the 13th century known for incorporating Aristotelian philosophy into Christian theology.

Scholars of the Middle Ages who aimed to synthesize classical philosophy with Christian theology.

The first Norman king of England who invaded and conquered England in 1066.

The English king known for establishing a system of common law and whose reign marked significant legal reforms.

The body of law that is derived from judicial decisions rather than from statutes or written legislation.

The foundational document signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English monarchy and laid the groundwork for modern democracy.

An assembly of representatives in England that emerged as a significant institution for governance and legislation.

The period during which the papacy resided in Avignon rather than Rome, leading to significant political and religious turmoil.

The split within the Catholic Church that resulted in the establishment of multiple papacies during the late 14th century.

An English theologian and reformer known for his criticism of the Catholic Church and his advocacy for translating the Bible into English.

A Czech theologian and reformer who followed the teachings of John Wycliffe and was executed for his beliefs.

A devastating epidemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, resulting in the death of an estimated one-third of the population.

A prolonged conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453, marked by significant battles and territorial disputes.

A French heroine who led troops during the Hundred Years War and was eventually canonized as a saint.

The willingness to accept feelings, habits, or beliefs that are different from one's own.

The selling or buying of positions within the church.

A style of architecture characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, often associated with cathedrals of the High and late Middle Ages.

The religious and military campaigns initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

The leader of the Muslim military during the Crusades who successfully recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

The English king known for his leadership during the Third Crusade and for his conflict with Saladin.

The period of history in the Iberian Peninsula marked by the reclamation of territory from Muslim rule, culminating in the capture of Granada in 1492.

A formal examination and investigation into the beliefs and practices of individuals, often associated with the Catholic Church's efforts to combat heresy.

An agricultural practice that divided land into three parts to increase productivity, rotating crops among them to ensure soil fertility.

An association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft in a particular town.

A significant economic transformation marked by the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe during the late Middle Ages.

A term for the prosperous town-dwelling class that emerged in medieval Europe, often involved in commerce and trade.

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region, as opposed to the formal language of literature and scholarship.

A renowned theologian and philosopher whose works synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, particularly best known for 'Summa Theologica'.

The academic method that employed critical reasoning and dialectical methods to understand and explain faith and doctrine, especially during the medieval period.

The Norman leader who became the first Norman King of England after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

The English king known for his legal reforms, including the establishment of common law, and often associated with the development of the English legal system.

A legal system that evolved in England based on court decisions and customs rather than statutes, distinguishing itself from civil law systems.

The charter signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English monarchy and laid the foundation for modern democracy and individual rights.

A legislative body in England that evolved to represent the interests of the populace and played a key role in the development of parliamentary democracy.

The city in France that became the residence of the popes during the Avignon Papacy in the 14th century, leading to significant political and religious controversies.

The split within the Catholic Church that resulted in the establishment of two rival popes in the late 14th century, which caused significant theological and political strife in Europe.

An English theologian and early reformer who criticized the wealth and power of the Church and is known for translating the Bible into vernacular English.

A Bohemian priest and reformer who advocated for church reform and was executed for heresy, influencing the Protestant Reformation.

A highly infectious disease that swept through Europe in the 14th century, causing massive population loss and social upheaval.

A prolonged conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453, primarily over claims to the French throne.

A peasant girl who led French troops to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War and was later canonized as a saint.

The practice of allowing the existence of different beliefs, opinions, or ways of life, particularly in religious contexts.

The state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.