Provided Egyptians an abundant supply of fish and fertile land to grow crops.

A person who studies rocks.

Examples include coal, oil, or natural gas.

Most likely dry, sandy soil.

The theory of plate movement.

The process of wearing away rocks by natural means.

Sandstone, shale, and limestone are examples.

The layer of the earth where plants and animals live.

The process of moving sediment by wind, moving water, or ice.

The covering of air that surrounds our planet.

The earth's crust and the section of the upper mantle that moves with the tectonic plates.

All the water on the earth's surface, under the ground and in the air.

All the different areas on the earth where life can exist and the living organisms that live there.

A layer of hot, plastic material below the crust.

The molten rock in the earth's mantle.

Beneath the mantle, divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

The heavy metals that might make up the core.

The heat transfer that occurs when particles carry thermal energy as they move from one place to another.

As magma rises and gets further from the core, it cools, gets heavier, and sinks back down.

Processes that shape the surface of the earth.

According to the plate tectonics theory, these forces release energy from the earth's interior and cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

The process by which the supercontinent broke apart and the continents moved toward their present positions.

Deep cracks in the earth's surface where two pieces of land have moved in different directions.

The process of creating faults, which can be of two types: strike-slip and normal.

A notable evidence of tectonic activity characterized by the bending of rock layers.

An example of the combined effects of plate tectonics and mantle activity, where islands are created as the plate moves over a hot spot.

The result of weathering, which is crucial to life on earth as it enriches the soil where plants grow.

The most intense type of erosion occurring in dry areas.

Alters the shore, creating sea caves, sea stacks, and sea arches.

Occurs when glaciers flow downhill under the pull of gravity, wearing away the landscape.

U-shaped valleys created by glacial erosion when glaciers receded and swept away material in a process called glaciation.

The most powerful force of erosion.

The most significant physical event in history, which churned soil, vegetation, and animal carcasses together in layers of sediment.

The idea that geologic processes have been relatively uniform in activity and rate.

Professional geologists who believe in the significance of catastrophic events in shaping the earth.

Faulting and folding, along with earthquakes and volcanoes being clustered along distinct lines.

Processes such as convection cells that cause plates to crash into and pull apart from one another, releasing energy and causing earthquakes and volcanoes.

The islands were formed as the plate moved across the hot spot.

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks; erosion is the removal of rock material.

The Bible explains that a flood covered the whole earth, with evidence observable everywhere.

Mountains stand high above the surrounding landscape.

When several mountains appear together, the formation is called a mountain range.

The highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas.

A large mass of earth and rock that rises above the common level of the earth or adjacent land; higher than a hill.

The tectonic process by which the relatively thin and dense oceanic crust slowly slides down and under the more massive but less dense continental crust.

Mountains that form by subduction are called fold mountains.

Plains are wide areas of flat land.

A broad, level expanse with no visible elevation.

Plateaus are wide areas of relatively flat land, like plains, but they rise abruptly above surrounding lands.

Three main bodies of water are oceans or seas, lakes, and rivers.

Less than 3 percent of the earth's water is fresh, and more than two-thirds of that water is in polar icecaps and glaciers or is underground.

97 percent of the earth's water is in the oceans.

Four ocean basins: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic.

The whole system of oceans is sometimes called the world ocean.

Rivers that feed other rivers are called tributaries.

The main river and all its tributaries are called a river system.

The total land area drained by the main river and its tributaries.

Bodies of water fully enclosed by land are called lakes.

The Great Lakes of North America are the largest system of freshwater lakes in the world.

The Dead Sea, which is nearly 37 percent salt, is the saltiest lake in the world.

Seas are arms of the ocean partially enclosed by land.

A sheltered body of deep water next to the shore is called a harbor.

An example of a sea that is partially enclosed by land.

The word industry is often used to describe people's hard work to make a living.

An industry that involves the extraction of natural resources.

An industry that involves the manufacturing and processing of goods.

An industry that provides services rather than goods.

Farmers who produce only enough food to meet the needs of their own households.

Farms that produce food for sale, supporting modern cities.

A practice common in rugged mountains and dry areas where regular farming is difficult.

A method developed by Europeans for managing herds and flocks.

An important source of food in many countries, utilizing methods such as capture and aquaculture.

The management of forests and trees, which are renewable resources.

An industry that has surpassed agriculture, fishing, and forestry in economic importance.

The most important type of mineral.

The view that large sections of the earth's crust move, producing earthquakes and volcanoes

A crack in the earth's surface where two pieces of land have moved in different directions

The process whereby glaciers recede and sweep away material, creating U-shaped valleys

A violent upheaval or change in the earth's crust

A feature of the land, such as a hill, peninsula, or mesa

A large, relatively flat area that is elevated above the surrounding landscape; a tableland

A river that flows into and feeds another river