___________ constitute the most species rich kingdom

True or false. Defining an "animal" is difficult because they are so diverse that there is an exception to nearly all characteristics.

All of the following are features that broadly characterize animals, except which one?

true or false. Animals are multicellular

true or false. Animal cells have cell walls.

True or false. Muscle and nerve tissues are unique to animals

Most biologists agree that the animal kingdom is ___________.

Animals evolved from a _______________ -like ancestor

what kinase is found in ALL animals and in choanoflagellates, but not in other eukaryotes or bacteria or archaea?

ALL of the following are ways biologists traditionally classify animal diversity, EXCEPT what?

The following are types of symmetry except which one?

Which is the definition of symmetry?

What is the definition of asymmetry?

What is the definition of radial symmetry?

Porifera and sponges exemplify what type of symmetry?

crabs exemplify what type of symmetry?

jellyfish exemplify what type of symmetry? Think carefully.

Most animals are bilaterally symmetric. Bilaterally symmetric animals are collectively known as ___________-

An example of bilateral symmetry was a crab. A bilateral body plan has a dorsal (upper) and central (lower) that are NOT identical. The anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends are also NOT identical. What is identical then? The right and left sides that are mirror images of each other.

Bilateral symmetry is strongly correlated with cephalization. True or false

What is cephalization?

Fertilization of an egg by a sperm creates a diploid _______-

Once a zygote forms, it undergoes cleavage (rapid cell divisions) to form what?

An area of the blastula invaginates, aka it folds in, and forms what?

The gastrula contains all of the following germ layers except what?

Cnidarians are actually considered diploblastic. Bilateria are triploblastic meaning they have all 3 germ layers present. If the Cnidarians are diploblastic, which two germ layers do they have?

So we have the zygote ==> 8-cell stage ==> blastula ==> and gastrula, etc. Which of those contain the all the layers of the cells called “germ layers?”

In terms of embryonic development, we have protostomes and deuterostomes. These two differ in their embryonic development in terms of 3 things. One of them is the fate of the BLASTOPORE, then the fate of the EMBRYONIC CELLS, then the CLEAVAGE PATTERN.

What is a blastopore?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

The fate of the blastopore is two things. It can either become the mouth or the anus. If the blastopore becomes the mouth; entrance of the digestive tract. What is it? Protostome or deuterostome?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

The fate of the blastopore is two things. It can either become the mouth or the anus. If the blastopore becomes the anus; exit of the digestive tract. What is it? Protostome or deuterostome?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

Protostomes and deuterostomes not only DIFFER in terms of the fate of the blastopore (aka, either the mouth of the anus formation)... but protostomes and deuterostomes ALSO differ in the fate of the embryonic cells. Those embryonic cells can either undergo determinate cleavage or indeterminate cleavage. Determinate cleavage, think about what this means. It has to do with some type of cleavage right? Yes of course but what does "determinate," mean? This means the cells are locked into specialization a bit earlier. They have a "determined" fate. Cells are locked in, their fate is determined. Say you have a 4-cell embryo and you take away one of the cells. Development stops. Because you "pulled away." a cell, it can't mature any further. They can't successfully respond to the disturbance at that time. IF you have a deuterostome, it's a different story. The fate of embryonic cells for a deuterostome is that those cells undergo indeterminate cleavage. If you start with a clump of 4 cells, and pull one cell away, the cells are flexible (: Not everything is locked into place. The single cell you pulled away and the 3 clumped cells can actually continue to divide and adjust to mature into the normal embryo. KNOW THIS DIFFERENCE.

Protostomes and deuterostomes differed in three ways! One of them was the fate of the blastopore (either the blastopore forms the mouth or the anus). The second difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the fate of the embryonic cells. In protostomes, the cells undergo DETERMINATE cleavage while in deuterostomes, the cells undergo INDETERMINATE cleavage. The third difference is the cleavage pattern itself. There is a spiral cleavage and a radial cleavage. Which has a spiral cleavage, the protostome or deuterostome?

Protostomes and deuterostomes differed in three ways? One of them was the fate of the blastopore (either the blastopore forms the mouth or the anus). The second difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the fate of the embryonic cells. In protostomes, the cells undergo DETERMINATE cleavage while in deuterostomes, the cells undergo INDETERMINATE cleavage. The third difference is the cleavage pattern itself. There is a spiral cleavage and a radial cleavage. Which has a radial cleavage, the protostome or deuterostome?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

The structure of the body cavity differs among animals. An animal can either be a pseudocoelomate, coelomate, or acoelomate. What is the definition of coelomates?

The structure of the body cavity differs among animals. An animal can either be a pseudocoelomate, coelomate, or acoelomate. What is the definition of acoelomates?

The structure of the body cavity differs among animals. An animal can either be a pseudocoelomate, coelomate, or acoelomate. What is the definition of pseudocoelomates?

"The body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm." That statement should make you think of what?

______________ aka comb jellies, constitute the earliest-diverging animal lineage

There are all characteristics of ctenophores except which one?

There are all characteristics of ctenophores EXCEPT which one?

There are all characteristics of ctenophores EXCEPT which one?

In the phylum porifera, is this true or false. Sponges lack true tissues yet they are multicellular.

Do sponges lack a nervous system?

adult sponges are ___________ (anchored in place).

True or false. Sponges lack a nervous system; although they carry most of the necessary genes, sponges have lost the ability to produce neurons during evolution.

Choanocytes are cells that line the interior of asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body type sponges. They contain a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane. What is the function of a choanocyte?

____________ are mobile cells that absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carry the nutrients to other cells.

____________ are unique among animals in using intracellular digestion, the uptake of food particles by cells.

The skeleton of sponges consists of what?

spicules are formed of what three things?

Sponges reproduce sexually and asexually. true or false

Most sponges are hermaphrodites, meaning individuals can produce both sperm and eggs. Gametes are derived from amoebocytes OR choanocytes. Sperm are released into water via external fertilization and carried by currents to fertilize eggs of neighboring sponges. In asexual reproduction, a small fragment or bud may detach and form a new sponge.

The phylum Cnidaria includes what?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

Cnidarians exist as either a sessile polyp or motile medusa. The mesoglea is ________ in polyps.

what type of symmetry to cnidarians display?

Between the phyla porifera and cnidaria, so sponges and jellyfish respectively, which one has intracellular digestion and which one has extracellular digestion?

Cnidaria is the phylum. How many classes does Cnidaria have?

True or false. One of the unique characteristic features of cnidarians is the existence of stinging cells called cnidocytes

True or false. Ctenophores lack stinging cells. Remember ctenophores are comb jellies.

All of the following are features that broadly characterize animals, except which one?

Which is the definition of symmetry?

What is the definition of asymmetry?

What is the definition of radial symmetry?

Porifera and sponges exemplify what type of symmetry?

crabs exemplify what type of symmetry?

jellyfish exemplify what type of symmetry? Think carefully.

What is cephalization?

Fertilization of an egg by a sperm creates a diploid _______-

Once a zygote forms, it undergoes cleavage (rapid cell divisions) to form what?

An area of the blastula invaginates, aka it folds in, and forms what?

The gastrula contains all of the following germ layers except what?

Cnidarians are actually considered diploblastic. Bilateria are triploblastic meaning they have all 3 germ layers present. If the Cnidarians are diploblastic, which two germ layers do they have?

So we have the zygote ==> 8-cell stage ==> blastula ==> and gastrula, etc. Which of those contain the all the layers of the cells called “germ layers?”

In terms of embryonic development, we have protostomes and deuterostomes. These two differ in their embryonic development in terms of 3 things. One of them is the fate of the BLASTOPORE, then the fate of the EMBRYONIC CELLS, then the CLEAVAGE PATTERN.

What is a blastopore?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?

The fate of the blastopore is two things. It can either become the mouth or the anus. If the blastopore becomes the mouth; entrance of the digestive tract. What is it? Protostome or deuterostome?

The fate of the blastopore is two things. It can either become the mouth or the anus. If the blastopore becomes the anus; exit of the digestive tract. What is it? Protostome or deuterostome?

Protostomes and deuterostomes not only DIFFER in terms of the fate of the blastopore (aka, either the mouth of the anus formation)... but protostomes and deuterostomes ALSO differ in the fate of the embryonic cells. Those embryonic cells can either undergo determinate cleavage or indeterminate cleavage. Determinate cleavage, think about what this means. It has to do with some type of cleavage right? Yes of course but what does "determinate," mean? This means the cells are locked into specialization a bit earlier. They have a "determined" fate. Cells are locked in, their fate is determined. Say you have a 4-cell embryo and you take away one of the cells. Development stops. Because you "pulled away." a cell, it can't mature any further. They can't successfully respond to the disturbance at that time. IF you have a deuterostome, it's a different story. The fate of embryonic cells for a deuterostome is that those cells undergo indeterminate cleavage. If you start with a clump of 4 cells, and pull one cell away, the cells are flexible (: Not everything is locked into place. The single cell you pulled away and the 3 clumped cells can actually continue to divide and adjust to mature into the normal embryo. KNOW THIS DIFFERENCE.

Protostomes and deuterostomes differed in three ways! One of them was the fate of the blastopore (either the blastopore forms the mouth or the anus). The second difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the fate of the embryonic cells. In protostomes, the cells undergo DETERMINATE cleavage while in deuterostomes, the cells undergo INDETERMINATE cleavage. The third difference is the cleavage pattern itself. There is a spiral cleavage and a radial cleavage. Which has a spiral cleavage, the protostome or deuterostome?

Protostomes and deuterostomes differed in three ways? One of them was the fate of the blastopore (either the blastopore forms the mouth or the anus). The second difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the fate of the embryonic cells. In protostomes, the cells undergo DETERMINATE cleavage while in deuterostomes, the cells undergo INDETERMINATE cleavage. The third difference is the cleavage pattern itself. There is a spiral cleavage and a radial cleavage. Which has a radial cleavage, the protostome or deuterostome?

The blastopore forms from what germ layer?