There are about _______ species of vertebrates

Which of the following are chordate characteristics?

True or false. Besides the chordate characteristics, vertebrates have a vertebral column, cranium, and an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone.

The ________ are the simplest living cyclostomes.

Hagfish lack eyes and jaws. True or false.

Hagfish are entirely marine cyclostomes. True or false

The _______ are eel-like animals that lack jaws

What does cyclostome mean?

Cyclostome are jawless fishes. True or false.

Do lampreys possess a rudimentary vertebral column?

where are lampreys found?

True or false. Hagfish are entirely marine cyclostomes that lack eyes, jaws, fins, and vertebrae.

secretes buckets and buckets of slime. What am I?

What are things that lamprey and hagfish have in common?

Do lampreys lack jaws?

What are gnathostomes?

What is the difference between cyclostomes and gnathostomes?

Think about this. True or false. ALL vertebrate species that possess JAWS are called gnathostomes.

____________ were the earliest-diverging gnathostomes.

The hinged jaw developed from what?

There is a clade within Gnathostomes that is called Chondrichthyans. What animals are included in this clade?

True or false. The clade Chondrichthyans are fishes with cartilaginous skeletons.

True or false. Within the clade Chondrichthyans (fishes with cartilaginous skeletons) body plan, they are all denser than water.

True or false. Many sharks never stop swimming and maintain buoyancy via the use of their fins and an oil-filled liver.

In the clade Chondrichthyes, an organism has how many heart chambers?

True or false. Sharks are among the earliest fishes to develop teeth, however teeth are NOT set into the jaw.

What is the function of the lateral line?

Sharks belong to the clade Chondrichthyans. Internal fertilization is used but how?

lay eggs.

egg retained in female, no placenta

eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young

So recall that all these things we are talking about in chapter 27 are vertebrates. We talked about Cyclostomata (hagfish and lamprey) which do NOT have jaws. We then moved into Gnathostomes which are jawed vertebrates. Any organism within "Gnathostomes," have jaws. More specifically, we talked about the clade Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes - sharks, skates, rays) which DO have jaws. The next clade is Osteichthyans (organisms here have a bony skeleton). Osteichthyes means "bony fish."

Unlike the cartilaginous fishes (Clade: Chondrichthyes), all other gnathostomes have a BONY SKELETON and belong to the clade _________

Osteichthyes means what?

How many features distinguish bony fishes (Osteichthyes) from cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)?

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is a bony skeleton.

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is an operculum.

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is a swim bladder.

What is the operculum?

True or false. Bony fishes do NOT need to swim continuously to breathe

The two living clades of bony fishes are what?

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the ray-finned fishes?

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the lobe-finned fishes?

Many scientists believe that lobe-finned ancestors gave rise to two lineages. True or false.

What is so extraordinary about lungfishes and how they breathe?

The origin of tetrapods involved the development of what?

the transition to land involved adaptations for what?

Amphibians are named for what?

Amphibians (like lungfish) can open their mouths to let air in; they can also take air in through their nostrils and use ______________ to drive air into the lungs

True or false. Adults are more abundant in dry habitats than damp areas.

In frogs and toads, fertilization is generally what?

True or false. A few species of amphibians do NOT require water to reproduce; they are ovoviparous or viviparous (retain eggs in reproductive tract and give birth to live young).

Within tetrapods, there were three orders mentioned. True or false. One of the orders was "Order Anura"

Within tetrapods, there were three orders mentioned. True or false. One of the orders was "Order Apoda"

Within tetrapods, there were three orders mentioned. True or false. One of the orders was "Order Urotela"

True or false. In the Order Anura (frogs and toads). The hind limbs can be used for jumping or swimming; some secrete poisons; no tail; fertilization is generally internal.

True or false. In the Order Apoda (wormlike caecilians). There are about 170 species and they are nearly blind; secondarily legless

True or false. Salamanders belong to the order Apoda.

The ____________ contains the developing embryo and the four separate extraembryonic membranes that it produces.

innermost membrane, protects embryo within amniotic cavity

encloses a NUTRIENT reserve

collects wastes

gas exchange

The shell provides a tough covering that is permeable to what?

the shell provides a tough covering that is permeable to what?

what is the albumin?

Along with the amniotic egg, other critical innovations that enabled life on land include what?

True or false. Reptiles include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds

Now we are talking about Reptiles which again include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and birds. Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of turtles?

A defining characteristic of "Squamata," is what?

What features do crocodiles and birds and mammals, share?

What is the defining characteristics of birds?

What reveals the reptilian ancestry of birds?

True or false. This is an avian characteristic ==> Warm body temperature.

True or false. This is an avian characteristic ==> excellent vision

True or false. This is an avian characteristic ==> double circulation and a four chambered heart

True or false. This is an avian characteristic ==> often engage in complex courtship behaviors

Birds have four unique features (all associated with flight). What are they?

Mammals evolved from ____________ ancestors earlier than birds, about 225 mya in the Mid-Triassic period.

There are four characteristics that distinguish mammals. True or false. One of them is ==> mammary glands

There are four characteristics that distinguish mammals. True or false. One of them is ==> hair

There are four characteristics that distinguish mammals. True or false. One of them is ==> specialized teeth

There are four characteristics that distinguish mammals. True or false. One of them is ==> enlarged skull

Mammalian orders are divided into two distinct subclasses. What are they?

Prototheria (subclass) contains what order?

True or false. Monotremes are early-diverging mammals that lay eggs rather than bear live young

The (subclass) Theria contains two clades. What are they?

Which of the following are chordate characteristics?

The ________ are the simplest living cyclostomes.

Hagfish lack eyes and jaws. True or false.

Hagfish are entirely marine cyclostomes. True or false

The _______ are eel-like animals that lack jaws

What does cyclostome mean?

Do lampreys possess a rudimentary vertebral column?

where are lampreys found?

True or false. Hagfish are entirely marine cyclostomes that lack eyes, jaws, fins, and vertebrae.

What are things that lamprey and hagfish have in common?

Do lampreys lack jaws?

What are gnathostomes?

What is the difference between cyclostomes and gnathostomes?

Think about this. True or false. ALL vertebrate species that possess JAWS are called gnathostomes.

____________ were the earliest-diverging gnathostomes.

There is a clade within Gnathostomes that is called Chondrichthyans. What animals are included in this clade?

The hinged jaw developed from what?

There is a clade within Gnathostomes that is called Chondrichthyans. What animals are included in this clade?

True or false. The clade Chondrichthyans are fishes with cartilaginous skeletons.

True or false. Within the clade Chondrichthyans (fishes with cartilaginous skeletons) body plan, they are all denser than water.

True or false. Many sharks never stop swimming and maintain buoyancy via the use of their fins and an oil-filled liver.

True or false. Sharks are among the earliest fishes to develop teeth, however teeth are NOT set into the jaw.

Sharks belong to the clade Chondrichthyans. Internal fertilization is used but how?

lay eggs.

eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young

So recall that all these things we are talking about in chapter 27 are vertebrates. We talked about Cyclostomata (hagfish and lamprey) which do NOT have jaws. We then moved into Gnathostomes which are jawed vertebrates. Any organism within "Gnathostomes," have jaws. More specifically, we talked about the clade Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes - sharks, skates, rays) which DO have jaws. The next clade is Osteichthyans (organisms here have a bony skeleton). Osteichthyes means "bony fish."

Unlike the cartilaginous fishes (Clade: Chondrichthyes), all other gnathostomes have a BONY SKELETON and belong to the clade _________

Osteichthyes means what?

How many features distinguish bony fishes (Osteichthyes) from cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)?

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is a bony skeleton.

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is an operculum.

True or false. One of the features that distinguishes bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes is a swim bladder.

What is the operculum?

True or false. Bony fishes do NOT need to swim continuously to breathe

The two living clades of bony fishes are what?

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the lobe-finned fishes?

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the ray-finned fishes?

The origin of tetrapods involved the development of what?

the transition to land involved adaptations for what?

Amphibians are named for what?

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the lobe-finned fishes?

True or false. Adults are more abundant in dry habitats than damp areas.

In frogs and toads, fertilization is generally what?

True or false. A few species of amphibians do NOT require water to reproduce; they are ovoviparous or viviparous (retain eggs in reproductive tract and give birth to live young).

Actinopterygii and sarcopterygii. Which one is the ray-finned fishes?

innermost membrane, protects embryo within amniotic cavity

gas exchange

what is the albumin?

the shell provides a tough covering that is permeable to what?

True or false. Salamanders belong to the order Apoda.

innermost membrane, protects embryo within amniotic cavity

collects wastes

gas exchange

encloses a NUTRIENT reserve