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Challenge of Freedom
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Abstract The main focus of this research is to discuss the perspective of the teamwork and its impaction organizational performance and success. Also highlight the Meanings of Team and its work sprit towards batter organizational performance and specific to its impact on the success of organization that provided the basis for this research study. In this research study a thoroughly focus was on organization and teamwork. The aim of this research is to deliver a participative view of teamwork in the organization, and also discourses the major issues and emphases on the recent work that opens the basis to move research onward. There is much worth in taking a more focus on the essential areas of teamwork. The team signifies the spirit and working capacity of the employees as team to bring organization to the success. The various explanations, definitions, processes, dimensions, team size and benefits etc. regarding the above topic teamwork and organizational success is highlighted. Keywords: Teamwork, Success, Organization, Performance, Work Groups, Employees Introduction It is indeed human beings have learned in their beginning of life to work together as (Team) that have made such a remarkable developments as unique specie. Human beings have experience throughout their social history, lived, loved, grow younger to older and worked together in groups said West M.A. (2012).The mutual social knowledge of living and functioning together creates connection among people, society and families. When work is done cooperatively as a team it can achieve extremely extra work than individually. Team can be defined as in the human society to live, to work and to play and to cooperate with others for particular task. According to John W. Newstrom et al (1993) “team is the process of assessing performance of workers, passing information and exploring methods to increase performance”. If observe closely, one can discover the instances of The Government: Research Journal of Political Science Supplementary Edition Vol. III 88 The Government social (teams) they are functioning either effectively or ineffectively everywhere; organizations, schools, work place, home etc. “Coordinating the events of people is like sand house, making by using a sole particles of sand” expressed Belbin, R. M.(2010). Moreover it is one of the general myths that the skill of team member is more important than their vigor, attention and determination for the tasks. Another widespread myth is that the team members are not alone accountable for the achievements or failures of their tasks the truth is that the members are the small parts in the teams and their individual abilities effect on the various results in team. The working relationships exist among team that might sight these relationships at different levels of involvement or relationships among the members as they move towards the degree of communication, integration and commitment increases. Terry L.G. et al (1980) expressed that “The skills are essential if members have to work together efficiently in complex situations, only development of skills and relationships, involvement on the task regarding the particular task might be selected for reaching at target that is considered as a definition of a team”. Team often perform higher when they work together with sprit that enable them to achieve a collective goal at the workplace, it is not only benefits to the organization also affects the workers confidence and success. Cooperating on various tasks reduces workloads for all team members and enables them to share duties or ideas. Work as a team is the part of everyone's life, as one is a member of a family team, staff team, school team, and community teams etc., so as to understand how to work effectively as a team member. Especially there is a need when task is threatened with increasingly many problems for example; the energy problem has effects on organization, family life, and social development and the multi-dimensional nature of many problems require a scientific skill based problem solving approach. Terry L.G, et al (1980) expressed that “The skills, competencies and efforts of team by setting priorities the team can have better impact on the problems solving such efforts can reduce work load, work duplication, and produce a result better than separate efforts”. There are some processes of teamwork by adopting those the objectives can be achieved easily. Le Pine, et al, (2008) identified10 teamwork processes that fall in three categories following are those. TEAMWORK PROCESSES TRANSITION PROCESSES •Mission analysis •Goal specification •Strategy formulation ACTION PROCESSES •Monitoring progress toward goals •Systems monitoring •Team monitoring and backup behavior •Coordination INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES •Conflict management •Motivation and confidence building •Affect management Team Work 89 Teamwork process reduces the work stress on every member which permits members to complete given important task of organization; teamwork offers members an opening to pledge with each other. Also it develops relations between the members who start a teamwork they usually sense appreciated on productive accomplishment of task. It may be cited one of the best instances of surgical team; where surgeon is assisted by his team; nurses, anesthetist and experts etc., everyone knows that their success depends upon the teamwork. In addition they are devoted to the aim that is human life it is easy to succeed with best teamwork. The important role of manager is the team building, trust building, confidence building, in the team to achieve the task. In the Situation where all team members contribute the task, it develops the positive relationship in the team that improves the trust of team members.“Functions effectively members of team must be flexible, committed, trusting each other and help to each other’s in the progress and the achievement of goals” Expressed Plamínek (2008). The accountability of every member in the team must be increased so that they do not let each other down therefore they do their best for the achievements of their teams. In contrast, working alone on a task the pressure is generally high in team in those cases of small confidence impacts fewer on members. Team consists on members who always vary from each other’s in skills, knowledge and abilities but working together that is an opportunity for them to gain skills and knowledge from each other’s that they had never before. Working alone on a task is a challenge and using the ideas of each other brings them to come up with a mutual resolution and the achievement of the task. Nowadays theoretical development and research has rested largely a new trend that is emerging within the organizations as an essential process of teamwork. Teamwork has brought a new move in the research and development to the inputs and outputs that bound, constrain and impact on the team processes within organizations said Ilgen, D.R. (1999). The world is changes fast, any one set of instructions can’t be sufficient, changes needs flexible members, teams and organizations so as to be effective on task. This paper suggests that in teams members must use the exclusive human abilities. Cannon B.et al (1995) has précised dimensions of teams into three categories: Team dimensions 1-Cognitions: include associations, task team-mate characteristics, team mission, objectives, norms, and resources, team role interaction patterns, skills, roles, and team orientation. 2-Skills: consist on adaptability, shared situational awareness and mutual concept to conflict resolution. 90 The Government 3-Attitudes: symbolize motivation, collective potency, shared vision, team cohesion, mutual trust, collective orientation and importance of. Teamsize Researchers have given different approvals about the best size of team as Katzenbachetet al (1993) suggested that the teams should comprise on a dozen or so members which are enough to achieve a task. Although seven is the best size of the team in the organizational practices said Scharf, A. (1989). Several views of researchers are expressed in the literatures and it is difficult to decide which better is because their opinions are based on their own observations. The team size matters in the proper output and performance however from an empirical research it is also difficult to decide the suitable team size and what to accept. This study suggests that team size has a practical link with efficacy such as few or many member shave impact on the performance but size matters. Proper size of team improves the performance maximum stated Campion M. A et al (1996).These different results are expected due to the fact that appropriate team size is required for task, environment and situation where team works. However, larger teams can also experience coordination problems that delay performance. Sheppard, J. A. (1993) expressed that the question of best team’s size is a complex one; more research is required on this topic to explain the impact of team size on given definite task. Literature Review Across many different organizations and industries teamwork is focused to increase the performance of employees’ their unity and also create work culture. Organizations those regularly develop new ideas or products using a project-based approach and assemble teams in order to focus responsibilities to achieve the object. Researchers have given dissimilar meanings of “teams”. Dyer W.G. (2007) said that “teams are groups of people who trust in cooperation, if members are expert the success of goal is more possible”. It is essential due to the problemsolving cooperation added from many minds of team members working on a resolution of problems. Team members contribute their thoughts together to make exclusive plans for dealing with problems and this unity enhance the result due to interaction, trust and teamwork. Teamwork means a "work done by several companions with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole" Merriam, (2012). In addition combined employees are expected less hostile to each other and accepting more of each other’s decisions. Unity of employees can increase the flow of work in organization. When employee’s working together as a team, they learn from each other that awareness is based on their personal experiences and from coworkers; Team Work 91 employees from different departments may acquire knowledge from each other. The main object for organizations is to hold the team effort to achieve output and quality; team is a key to achieve quality productivity. According to Maddux et al (2003) “some of the organizations have major benefits from the use of teamwork which are showed in the following chart: Benefits of Teamwork 1 Improving quality of work life for employees 2 Reducing absenteeism and increasing turnover 3 Increasing innovation and change 4 Improving organizational adaptability and flexibility A real team is mostly one where members are allowed to take decisions that how to complete task. That authority enables them to control the work process, decreases the outside control and increases the sense of duty for work. Team always feels superiority on workplace and they rely on each other’s being there. Plamínek (2008) said that “affiliation with teamwork gives member a sense of belonging, interaction and recognition of success”. These actions support to remove the sense of loneliness of team member in organization. Effective teams can also improve efficacy through communication and trust between the team members, quality of work and decrease in absenteeism contribute to positive impact on team. Involving employees in teamwork helps the organization remain open to new ideas.“The world of organizations is shifting individualism is out and collectivism is in, power is out, empowerment is in.” stated G. M. Parker (1998). This study discovers the experiences and difficulties of teamwork that employees and organizations are facing nowadays due to big transformation and enlarged globalization. In recent years a remarkable amendment has been emerged in the belief of team working organizations. The modern study has explored that the scope of teamwork have been appeared in system rooted in belief, and employees accept changes that denoting a modern organizational system. The organizations which are responsive to the changes appear to achieve greater satisfaction. Although it may be suggested that, the managers should assess the values and beliefs of their employees to play more dedicated role in the development of organization by making sprit to face the modern challenges. Organizational cultural is much significant and it has the excessive impact on the performance of organization and employees’ but it is quiet arguable topic that the culture of teamwork can be developed according to the requirement. It is difficult to specify the relationships and to assess the reliable set of values to use as they believed symbol across the entire organizations. This review study focus that 92 The Government there is a great influence of organizational culture on the assumptions, values, and beliefs on the individuals’ considerations, actions and performances and so is vice versa, through learning, and training process. However the researchers believe that the organizational setup aids to unite employees of diverse cultures and dissimilar social backgrounds, traditions and have their own beliefs to work. Creating a positive teamwork culture it has several diverse aspects are goal setting, conflict resolution, empowerment, ability to accomplish tasks, measuring output and consideration for other teamwork cultures stated Pack L, et al April 27, (2012). Team work in the organization delivers employees the wisdom of unity; understand to each other’s, and reducing conflict. In addition teamwork in organization inspires employee for impartiality by affirming that no one is ignored in the organization and all treated equally. It is known that a team in organization is bound and sincere to work with dedication to bring the success. If the employees are committed and recognize the teamwork values and its benefits, as a part of the organization they can contribute a lot to the achievement of organization. One can finds the informal instances of team at these level, family, society, community, tribe and work groups etc., and formally team appears at the level of departments, functional groups, and other organizational units. The employees feel a greater sense of achievement for being a part of an organization, if they attain team work, having freedom to work not forced. The system gives best performance to achieve recognition and credit from their managers and it will increase their effort that helps them to contribute the organizational performance. Each team batter knows about their role and how to achieve tasks. The true spirit of teamwork gives benefit to organization in maintaining its standard by which it becomes identified. The team defines its specialty, and the way it is doing task that is perceived by the organization as well as its managers and it is secured by appreciation. Employees identify what they believe; that exist in their belief system and those understandings call them to change their views to develop and raise attention towards batter performance. The literature contains sufficient definitions of teamwork and the word team is used to denote a set of generally developed as to learn collective values, attitudes and cooperation to work. The study praises that the teamwork is mostly related with the team success for instance, Wagner (1995) described that “in the team individual is less valued and group is more valued, with”. It is found in the study that individualismcollectivism both regulates the relationships between team size, standing, and cooperation that have better effects on the cooperation of individualists rather than the cooperation of collectivists. Team Work 93 Conclusion The main concentration of this research paper is to examine more in-depth the fundamental of teamwork and its effectiveness to achieve the organizational goals. Teamwork provides vast amounts of knowledge and information, cultural differences each of these building a culture of teamwork and the skill to make the valuable solutions of the problems. To work efficiently, team members need a good understanding of how to do their job, to achieve goal and for that a basic way to ensure understanding is training, then they have to be motivated to do a job. Team is a vital activity of organization, when organization desires to perform sound it has to be confident that team functions effectively. Consequently it is compulsory to know how team performs, what manners within a team happen, and how they make decisions. If there is knowhow of teamwork events, it can be effective for the tasks that they have to accomplish. Organizations build up their own culture through tradition, history and structure these values can be accepted by team workers of an organization. The values and assumptions are the vital tools of organizations and are used as guidance for team. These have to do mostly with the basic dignity and worth of all members of team and the ability, necessity for them to solve the problems and work for the positive change. Through this review study is concluded that there is a good impact of teamwork on the organizations doings and success. Subsequently in recently developed literature there is a great focus amongst the social scientists and scholars’ in their discussion on the above topic teamwork. The above study is also an evidence of little effort to assess the significance of teamwork in organizations success. teams in organiz "Sofia e la Rete Invisibile: Una Storia di Coraggio e Consapevolezza" Sofia, una vivace adolescente di 15 anni, amava trascorrere il suo tempo libero online. Era un modo per connettersi con amici, scoprire nuove passioni e rimanere aggiornata sulle ultime tendenze. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro la brillantezza dello schermo si celavano pericoli che avrebbero messo alla prova la sua sicurezza e la sua forza interiore. Un giorno, Sofia ricevette una richiesta di amicizia da un ragazzo molto affascinante di nome Marco. Era il classico "ragazzo perfetto" con interessi simili ai suoi e sembrava conoscerla molto bene. Iniziarono a chattare e Marco sembrava davvero interessato a lei. Presto, i loro messaggi divennero sempre più frequenti, fino a diventare un'abitudine quotidiana. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro l'immagine perfetta di Marco si nascondevano pericoli nascosti. Marco era un abile truffatore virtuale che mirava a sfruttare gli adolescenti online per scopi personali. Marco iniziò ad applicare una serie di tattiche per ingannare Sofia. Utilizzò il grooming per guadagnarsi la sua fiducia, facendole credere di essere una persona di cui potersi fidare. Conquistò il cuore di Sofia e poi iniziò a spingerla a partecipare a una pericolosa sfida online, promettendo popolarità e riconoscimento tra i suoi amici virtuali(challenge) Incuriosita dalle potenziali ricompense, Sofia decise di accettare la sfida, ignara dei rischi nascosti dietro di essa. Ma ciò che sembrava un gioco innocente si trasformò rapidamente in un incubo. La sfida si rivelò manipolata da Marco per coinvolgere gli adolescenti in atti illegali, mettendo in pericolo la loro sicurezza. Successivamente, Marco sfruttò la fiducia guadagnata per spingere Sofia a inviare foto intime di sé stessa. Sostenne che fosse un modo per dimostrare il loro amore virtuale. Ignorando i pericoli del sexting, Sofia acconsentì, inconsapevole delle conseguenze che avrebbe affrontato in seguito. Ciò che Sofia non sapeva era che Marco aveva intenzione di usare quelle foto per ricattarla. Iniziò a minacciarla, dicendole che se non avesse fatto quello che voleva, avrebbe pubblicato le foto su internet. Sofia era terrorizzata e si sentiva intrappolata in una spirale di minacce e abuso emotivo. Determinata a liberarsi dalle grinfie di Marco, Sofia prese coraggio e decise di agire. Si aprì con sua madre, raccontandole l'intera storia e i pericoli a cui era esposta. Insieme, presero le misure necessarie per proteggere Sofia. Bloccarono e segnalarono Marco su tutti i suoi account di social media e di chat. Questo passo cruciale ha impedito a Marco di contattarla e di avere ulteriori influenze sulla sua vita online. Sofia non si fermò qui. Raccolse prove delle minacce, dei messaggi ingannevoli e del ricatto perpetrato da Marco. Fece screenshot delle conversazioni e salvò copie dei messaggi ricevuti, creando una solida documentazione delle azioni di Marco. Queste prove sarebbero state fondamentali per intraprendere azioni legali e proteggere se stessa. Con le prove in mano, Sofia decise di segnalare l'account di Marco alle piattaforme e ai servizi di social media che stavano utilizzando. Fornì loro tutte le prove raccolte, consentendo loro di prendere provvedimenti contro il comportamento dannoso di Marco. Rendendo le autorità competenti consapevoli della situazione, Sofia coinvolse la polizia postale o un'organizzazione specializzata in crimini informatici. Fornì loro tutte le prove e le informazioni necessarie per avviare un'indagine approfondita su Marco. Sofia sapeva che doveva anche cercare supporto da esperti di sicurezza informatica specializzati in questioni di cybercrimine. Ottenne consigli su come proteggersi meglio online e su come prevenire situazioni simili in futuro. Questa consulenza le permise di comprendere meglio i pericoli della rete e di acquisire le competenze necessarie per proteggersi e navigare in modo sicuro online. Con coraggio e determinazione, Sofia prese misure concrete per liberarsi da Marco e proteggere se stessa. La sua storia è un esempio di resilienza e consapevolezza per gli altri adolescenti che potrebbero trovarsi in situazioni simili. Sofia ha dimostrato che è possibile combattere i pericoli della rete e ottenere giustizia, cercando il sostegno delle persone fidate, utilizzando le risorse a disposizione e facendo sentire la propria voce "La Missione Digitale: Proteggere il Mondo Virtuale" C'era una volta un gruppo di studenti di 15 anni, conosciuti come "The Digital Defenders", che avevano un talento speciale per la tecnologia. Amavano esplorare il mondo digitale e sfruttarne le opportunità. Ma un giorno, un pericoloso nemico minacciò la tranquillità del loro mondo virtuale. Questo nemico malvagio era conosciuto come "Il Cacciatore Digitale". Il suo scopo era infiltrarsi nei computer degli utenti, rubare informazioni personali e diffondere caos attraverso il cyberspazio. Il Cacciatore Digitale utilizzava diverse armi per raggiungere i suoi scopi. Una delle sue armi più potenti era il "Fishing". Usava messaggi ingannevoli e siti web contraffatti per cercare di catturare le informazioni personali degli utenti. Si fingeva spesso una figura di autorità, cercando di indurre gli utenti a fornire le loro password o i dati sensibili. Ma i Digital Defenders non si sarebbero arresi facilmente. Si misero all'opera per difendere il loro mondo digitale. Si dotarono di antivirus e antimalware potenti per combattere i virus e gli spyware, che erano armi preferite del Cacciatore Digitale. I Digital Defenders si addestrarono per riconoscere le trappole del Cacciatore Digitale. Impararono a identificare gli avvisi di sicurezza, a evitare di cliccare su link sospetti e a non aprire allegati di email provenienti da mittenti non fidati. Era fondamentale essere cauti e diffidare delle richieste di inserire informazioni personali su siti web non sicuri. Un altro strumento importante nella loro difesa era l'uso di password sicure. I Digital Defenders impararono che una password sicura doveva essere lunga, contenere una combinazione di lettere maiuscole e minuscole, numeri e caratteri speciali. Evitarono di utilizzare password facili da indovinare come nomi di animali domestici o date di compleanno. I Digital Defenders erano consapevoli che i cookie, piccoli file salvati sui loro dispositivi, potevano rivelare informazioni personali e tracciare le loro attività online. Impararono a gestire le impostazioni dei cookie nei loro browser e a cancellarli regolarmente per proteggere la loro privacy. Infine, i Digital Defenders si unirono a una missione importante: educare gli altri studenti sulla sicurezza digitale. Organizzarono workshop nelle loro scuole, condivisero consigli sui social media e si impegnarono a diffondere la consapevolezza sugli attacchi digitali e le misure di sicurezza. La loro missione ebbe successo. Gli studenti impararono ad affrontare il Cacciatore Digitale con fiducia. Ognuno di loro divenne un difensore digitale, pronti a proteggere il mondo virtuale. Con il loro impegno e la loro determinazione, i Digital Defenders riuscirono a sconfiggere il Cacciatore Digitale e a proteggere il mondo virtuale. La loro storia è un monito per tutti gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a essere consapevoli dei pericoli digitali e a prendere misure per proteggere la loro sicurezza e privacy online. "La Conquista della Libertà Digitale: Il Viaggio di Luca" C'era una volta un ragazzo di nome Luca, un adolescente di 15 anni, che si trovava nel bel mezzo di una sfida epica: la conquista della libertà digitale. Luca amava il mondo online, passava ore a navigare sui social media, a giocare a videogiochi e a guardare video su Internet. Ma pian piano, si rese conto che la sua passione per la tecnologia stava prendendo il controllo della sua vita. Luca iniziò a notare che stava diventando sempre più dipendente da Internet. Passava notti insonni a chattare con gli amici virtuali e a navigare senza sosta, trascurando i suoi compiti scolastici e gli hobby che un tempo lo appassionavano. La sua dipendenza stava mettendo a rischio i suoi rapporti personali e la sua salute mentale. Un giorno, Luca si imbatté in una comunità online chiamata "Digital Freedom Fighters", formata da giovani coraggiosi che cercavano di liberarsi dalla dipendenza da Internet. Si unì a loro e insieme intrapresero un viaggio di autodisciplina e consapevolezza. Luca imparò che la sua dipendenza da Internet poteva essere causata dalla sindrome di "FOMO" (Fear of Missing Out), la paura di perdere qualcosa di importante o di essere escluso, e dalla sindrome di "FoMOB" (Fear of Missing Out on Better), la paura di perdere qualcosa di ancora migliore. La costante paura di perdere o di essere escluso lo spingeva a controllare continuamente il suo telefono e a rimanere connesso in ogni momento. I Digital Freedom Fighters guidarono Luca attraverso una serie di sfide per aiutarlo a prendere il controllo della sua vita digitale. La prima sfida consisteva nel fissare degli orari specifici per l'uso di Internet e dei dispositivi digitali. Luca si impegnò a dedicare del tempo alle attività offline, come leggere un libro, fare sport o trascorrere del tempo con la famiglia e gli amici. La seconda sfida consisteva nel disconnettersi completamente per un intero giorno. Luca si rese conto di quanto fosse dipendente dai suoi dispositivi quando provò l'ansia da disconnessione. Ma, col tempo, imparò ad apprezzare la libertà che deriva dal distacco digitale e a vivere il momento presente senza la costante interferenza della tecnologia. La terza sfida era quella di creare un diario delle emozioni. Luca iniziò a tenere traccia delle sue emozioni quando era online e quando era offline. Questo gli permise di comprendere meglio il suo stato mentale e le motivazioni dietro il suo comportamento digitale. Scoprì che spesso cercava distrazione o evasione attraverso Internet, ma che poteva trovare modi più sani per gestire le sue emozioni. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si rese conto di essere affetto anche da nomofobia, la paura di essere senza il suo telefono o di non poter accedere a Internet. Questa paura lo rendeva ansioso e incapace di distogliere lo sguardo dallo schermo. Inoltre, Luca scoprì di essere a rischio di sviluppare la sindrome di "hikikomori", un fenomeno in cui le persone si ritirano completamente dalla società reale e si isolano nel mondo virtuale. Si rese conto che era importante trovare un equilibrio tra la sua vita online e offline, per evitare di perdere il contatto con il mondo reale e le relazioni significative. Inoltre, Luca notò che la sua dipendenza da Internet stava influenzando anche la sua capacità di concentrarsi e di mantenere l'attenzione. Questo deficit dell'attenzione rendeva difficile per lui concentrarsi sui compiti scolastici o sulle conversazioni reali, poiché la sua mente era costantemente attratta dalle notifiche e dalle distrazioni digitali. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si armò di strategie per gestire la sua nomofobia, il rischio di kikikomori e il deficit dell'attenzione. Imparò a mettere il telefono in modalità silenziosa o a disattivare le notifiche durante le attività importanti, così da ridurre le distrazioni. Utilizzò tecniche di gestione dello stress, come la meditazione e l'esercizio fisico, per controllare l'ansia e mantenersi focalizzato. Inoltre, Luca si impegnò a impegnarsi in attività offline gratificanti, come la lettura di libri, la pratica di un hobby o il volontariato, per riempire il vuoto creato dalla sua dipendenza da Internet. Trovò nuovi modi per connettersi con gli altri nella vita reale, partecipando a gruppi di interesse comune e creando legami significativi. Con il passare del tempo, Luca riuscì a ritrovare l'equilibrio tra la sua vita digitale e quella reale. Sperimentò una maggiore soddisfazione nelle sue relazioni personali, un miglioramento delle prestazioni scolastiche e una maggiore consapevolezza del tempo trascorso online. La storia di Luca è un monito per gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a riflettere sull'importanza di gestire in modo sano e consapevole la propria presenza online. È essenziale trovare un equilibrio tra il mondo digitale e quello reale, evitando le trappole della dipendenza e imparando a vivere una vita piena e significativa al di là dello schermo.History of policing Pre-confederation Mostly informal policing by community residents First police officers Quebec city, mid 17th century Upper Canada, early 19th century Mandate Police conflicts between ethinc groups and employes/labours Maintain moral standards (drunkenness, alcoholism) Apprehend criminals Provincal Police Force Response to disorder resulting form gold strikes in 19th century Replaced by RCMP during 20th century Currently, Ontario,Quebec and parts of Newfoundland have their own provincal police force History of RCMP North-Wesr Mounted Police Founded in 1873 Maintain law and order Ensure orderly settlement in prairies Many problems: desertion, resignation and improper conduct Replaced by Royal Canadain Mounted Police Police Today About 70,000 police officers across Canada 199 police officers per 100,000 population Lower than Scotland (337), England(244), U.S (238) NUmber increased over past decade NUmber of female officers increased 1 out of 5 officers is a women Contemporary Policing Structure of policing Four levels Federal, Provincial, municipal, and First nations Also public transportation police (railway, airport, and transit) Some municipalities have own forces E.g, Peel, Toronoto Others use provincial force detachments or RCMP detachments Royal Candanin Mounted Police Governed by Royal Canadian Mounted Pollcei Act (1985) Broad Range of policing activities, including federal policing and international peacekeppiong Contract Policing Provincial, territorial and municipal level Concerns about local oversight and accountability In but not of communities-difficult to ensure that RCMp detachments are responsive to communities Provincial Police Three forces Ontario Provincial Police Surete du Quebec (SQ) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) Other provinces contractually use the RCMP Responsibilities Police rural areas and areas outside municipalities Enforce provincial laws and Criminal Code Regional Police Amalgamated Forces E.g Peel region police and Halton Regional Police Force Provide Police Services to over Half of Ontarians Advantages Cheaper, more servies Disadvantages To centralized, not in touch with community Municipal Police Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, Provincal Statues, municipal by laws, some federal statues (e.g drugs) Largest number of officers of any level My be contracted to RCMP or Provincal force Costs are paid by the municipality First Nations Type of policing is negotiated by First Nations Commnity Autonomous reserve based First Nations Officers from RCMP or OPP Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, federal and provicanl statues, band bylaws Accountability Reserve based police commission or band council Private Security Services Two main types 1. Private Security Firms 2. Company based, in house security officers No more legal authority than ordinary citizens But can arrest and detain people who commit crimes on private property In Canada, Private security officers outnumber police officer by four to one Parapolice Extension of activities Lack of systems of oversight like transitional police Police Work POlicing The activities of any indivual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private organizations or persons to maintain security or social order Pluralization of Policing The sharing between public and private security Legislative Framework Carry out tasks within a number of legislative frameworks, define role, powers/responsibilites Canadian charter of rights and freedoms- most impactful on power/actvites of police Provincial and municipal legislation - Status such as motor vehicle administration acts, highway traffic acts, liquor acts and provincial/musincpal police acts Democracy Governance Categories of Policing Recruitment and Training of police officers Police recruitment Recruiting Visible Minorites and Aboriginal People Special initvates and programs for youth, women and visible minorities PEACE (Police Ethnic and Cultureal Exchange) OPPBound (particpate in variety of activate with officer) Toronto POlice recruitment of Somali Officers Edmonton police uniforms that include a hijab Police Training Residential/non-residential academies, centralized and decentralized Physical and academic instruction, socilization into the police occupation Operational field traiing Hands-on application of principles learned in the academy Mentoship form senior officer Working Personality of Police officers Challenges of Police Work Work Enviroment Long hours and shift work Exposure to stressors, especially in high demand environments PTSD and burnout Work Organiztion Harassment of female officers Cumbersome of system of internal redress Summary A number of misconceptions arounds police work, including th emotion that most police work involves crime control A variety of influences on the roles and activities of the police Four levels of policing: federal, provincial, mnicipal and First Nations, each with different responsibilities The Challenge of Learning Something NewThe Challenge of Heriosm Pt. 1The Challenge of Heroism Pt. 2Grade 7 Chapter 14: The Challenge of the BeatitudesChallenge - Fractions of Operations