Which of the following is a type of muscle?

The study of muscles is called ___________.

Muscle types share similar properties but under the microscope their anatomy differs.

Muscles are all controlled the same way by the nerves and endocrine system.

Skeletal muscles is a misnomer because it can control more than just skeletal muscles, and structures related.

Skeletal muscles contain light and dark protein bands (striation) that are observable under the microscope. 

Skeletal muscles work mostly involuntarily (without your intent).

The subconscious is part of the voluntary nervous system since the user has the ability to stop the subconscious act. For example, the diaphragm is part of the voluntary nervous system even though we do not consciously think of breathing. Our subconscious controls our breathing voluntarily -- meaning that the user has input as to whether to stop breathing. 

Cardiac muscle tissues are only found in the heart.

Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle is also striated with light and dark bands.

Cardiac muscle tissue is also voluntary actions as with skeletal muscles.

The heart has a natural built-in pacemaker that allows it to have its own rhythm. This natural rhythm is known as auto-rhythmicity.

Smooth muscles are also striated as with skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Which of the following contain smooth muscles?

Smooth muscles are also voluntary as skeletal muscles:

The somatic nervous system is the involuntary nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary nervous system.

Which of the following is not one of the four functions of muscles:

Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is responsible for the movement of food in the digestive system, movement of urine, and the movement of sperm and oocytes. 

The contraction and relaxation of muscles produces heat. What is the name of this heat generation?

The involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles is known as ____________.

A property of nerves as well as muscle is the ability to respond to an electrically charged impulse (signal). Both nerves and muscles have receptors that are responsive to these impulses. These impulses are also known as _________________.

Action potentials (impulse signals) in muscles are called _____________________.

Action potentials (impulse signals) in nerves are called _____________________.

Muscle tissues have two different muscle action potentials (signal impulses for muscle receptors). Which is not one of the two?

The four properties of muscle are: electrical excitability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity.

Choose the phrase that best describes each of the properties of muscle:

Each of your skeletal muscles is a separate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of cells, which are called muscle fibers (myocytes) because of their elongated shapes. Thus, muscle cell and muscle fiber are two terms for the same structure.

The muscle is surrounded and protected by ___________________.

The subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis, which separates muscle from skin, is composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.

The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous tissue stores most of the body’s triglycerides, serves as an insulating layer that reduces heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma.

Muscles of similar function are held together by a dense irregular connective tissue called __________________. It allows muscles to move together freely while carrying the necessary nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and fills the spaces between the muscles.

How many layers are there in the fascia?

Complete the following quiz: https://www.purposegames.com/game/daa29e6043 and https://www.purposegames.com/game/muscle-fiber-model

Which of the following is not one of the three layers of the fascia:

A ropelike ___________ attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

Each skeletal muscle is penetrated by an artery and one or two veins along with nerves.

Somatic nerves from the somatic nerve system extend threadlike axon to a group of skeletal muscle fibers to control their voluntary movement.

Muscle fibers are supplied blood by microscopic blood vessels called _________________.

Muscle fibers require which of the following to function:

Muscle fibers are not the most important component of skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscles are generated during later adolescent development.

The number of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle cells) is set before you are born, lasting a lifetime.

The equivalent of a plasma membrane for the muscle cell (fiber) is called the ________________.

The sarcolemma (surface membrane) of the muscle cell (fiber) contains thousands of tube-like openings which are filled with interstitial fluid. What is the name of these tube-like tunnels in through the surface of the sarcolemma. 

The purpose of the T tubule and interstitial fluid filling the fibers is to allow _______________ into the sarcolemma and across the entirety of the muscle cell whereby all parts of the myocytes (muscle fibers) can be excited/stimulated. 

The inner cytoplasm membrane under the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber is called the __________________.

The sarcoplasm contains a substantial amount of __________________ which can be used for energy (ATP).

The red-colored protein found within the sarcoplasm is called _______________.

Myoglobin is responsible for binding and carrying oxygen in the muscle.

_____________ releases bonded oxygen when they are needed by the mitochondria of the muscle fiber for ATP production.

The mitochondria lie in rows throughout the muscle fiber, strategically close to the contractile muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction so that ATP can be produced quickly as needed.

Little thread appearing structure within the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell.

Muscle cell contraction is caused by ___________.

Myofibrils are _____ in diameter size.

Each myofibril within the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell contains a fluid-filled sac which circles around it called the ____________________.

Muscle contraction is stimulated by the release of ____________ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 

Dilated end sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called terminal cisterns but against the T tubule from both sides. A T tubule and the two terminal cisterns on either side of it are referred to as a triad.

Myofibrils are made up of smaller structures called ______________.

The two types of filaments within myofibrils are ___________ and ____________. Use "and"

Thin filaments are 8 nanometers in diameter whereas thick filaments are twice the size at 16 nm. 

thick filaments are 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 µm long and composed of the protein myosin.

The filaments inside a myofibril extend the entire length of a muscle fiber.

Because the filaments do not extend the entirety of the myofibril, they are instead arranged in compartments called ________________.

Each sarcomere is separated by ______________. Thus, a sarcomere is extended from one sarcomere to a Z disc.

Complete the quiz: https://www.purposegames.com/game/structure-of-muscle and https://www.purposegames.com/game/part-of-a-muscle-fiber-and-myofibril-enlarged

Match the following myofibril components with the descriptions:

There are three types of proteins found in muscle. Identify each by matching their description:

As mentioned, the first type of proteins are contractile proteins of which there are two, one for each filament type, thick or thin. The contractile proteins found in the thick filaments are _________________.

As mentioned, the first type of proteins are contractile proteins of which there are two, one for each filament type, thick or thin. The contractile proteins found in the thin filaments are _________________.

In skeletal muscle, about 300 molecules of myosin form a single thick filament. Each myosin molecule is shaped like two golf clubs twisted together. The myosin tail (twisted golf club handles) points toward the M line in the center of the sarcomere. Tails of neighboring myosin molecules lie parallel to one another, forming the shaft of the thick filament. The two projections of each myosin molecule (golf club heads) are called ______________.

Each myosin head has two binding sites a _______________ site and a ______________ site. Use "and" to combine answers. 

The ATP­ binding site also functions as an ATPase— an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction.

Complete the following quiz: https://www.purposegames.com/game/composition-of-thick-and-thin-filaments

On each actin molecule is a ______________ site, where a myosin head can attach.

Thin filament also contains two regulatory proteins called tropomyosin and ____________.

In relaxed muscle, myosin is blocked from binding to actin because strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin­ binding sites on actin. The tropomyosin strands in turn are held in place by troponin molecules.

Besides the two regulatory and the two contractile proteins, muscle also contains roughly a dozen structural proteins. 

Structural proteins in myofibrils are responsible for which of the following:

Which of the following is not a structural protein?

Which of the following structural proteins is the third most abundant/plentiful in skeletal muscle (after actin and myosin of course)?

Group the following proteins according to their type:

Muscle contraction occurs because myosin heads attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the M line. However, the width of the A band and the individual lengths of the thick and thin filaments remain unchanged.

As the thin filament moves inward, which parts narrow and can even seemingly disappear when the muscle is maximally contracted.

Muscle contraction starts with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

After the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, they travel throughout the sarcoplasm and are bounded to the _____________. 

The binding of calcium with troponin to form the troponin-calcium complex results in the formation change of _________________, which moves out of the way and toward the actin, freeing up the opening of the binding sites for the myosin heads.  Once the bind sites are free, the contraction (contraction cycle) can begin.

How many steps are in the contraction cycle?

Power stroke is phase three of the contraction cycle where a literal power stroke occurs shifting the 90-degree angle to 45 degree creating momentum akin to a rower using a paddle to generate force by moving from a 90-degree angle in the water to a 45-degree angle.

The point at which the myosin is bound to the actin is called the ____________. Only one myosin head binds at a time.

The myosin is spontaneously detached from the actin at the end of the cycle.

How many cross bridges occur in one thick filament? They detach about 5 times per second.

A decrease in calcium concentration decreases contraction.

The interaction between the stimulus, action potential, and the contraction is referred to as the ______________________.

The point at which there is a T tubule (stimulus entry point), and at least 2 sites of release for calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum- terminal cistern) is referred to as a _______. In other words, the T tubule plus 2 terminal cistern of the SR.

T tubules are connected to the terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ______________.

Voltage gated channels are located in the membranes of T tubules and are arranged in a _____________ pattern. 

Voltage gated channels serve as signal sensors by being voltage sensors.

The stimulation of voltage gated channels stimulates the release of _____________ by the SR.

Voltage gated channels allow the passage of stimulus whole Ca2+ release channels receive the signal to release calcium.

The terminal cistern (outer surface of the SR) contains Ca2+-ATPase pumps. These pumps are responsible for releasing more calcium.

The terminal cistern (outer surface of the SR) contains Ca2+-ATPase pumps. These pumps are responsible for taking in free calcium from the sarcoplasm.

Inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum _____________ is a molecule which is responsible for binding, and sequestering (holding) the calcium.