Gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

Any of the non-sex chromosomes

Hypothetical inheritance pattern in which parental traits are

In a heterozygote, complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic

Inheritance pattern in which a character shows a range of trait values with small gradations rather than large gaps between them

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics

inheritance pattern in which traits are distinct and are transmitted independently of one another

trait which confers the same physical appearance whether an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait

inheritance pattern in which an allele is lethal both in the homozygote and the heterozygote; this allele can only be transmitted if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age

antagonistic interaction between genes such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another

first filial generation in a cross; the offspring of the parental generation

second filial generation produced when F1 individuals are self-crossed or fertilized with each

underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism

presence of only one allele for a characteristic, as in X-linkage; hemizygosity makes descriptions of dominance and recessiveness irrelevant

having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

process of mating two individuals that differ with the goal of achieving a certain characteristic in their offspring

in a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype

in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic

genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

paired unit factors (i.e., genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors

phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic

parental generation in a cross

observable traits expressed by an organism

visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible zygotic genotypes are recombined at each box in the grid

trait that appears "latent" or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed

inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form; the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered, non-lethal phenotype

paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other cross

any gene on a sex chromosome

cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait

variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic

gene present on the X, but not the Y chromosome