In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Vygotskys term for tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with assistance.

involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

the sounds system of language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined

units of meaning involved in word formation

the rule for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

meaning of words and sentences

education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child's needs, interests, and learning styles

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.

Tasks that are suitable to a child given his/her age and interests.

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success. self-understanding

The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women.

A theory deriving from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent's characteristics.

A theory emphasizing that children's gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

The theory that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure form exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes.

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.

Play that involves social interactions with peers.

Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. Constructive play occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or a problem solution.

Activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often competition with one or more individuals.

Monitor child's emotions, view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach on how to effectively deal with emotions

Parents who deny, ignore, or change negative emotion

Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives

the ability to assume another person's perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings autism spectrum disorders

A written statement that spells out a program tailored to a child with a disability

The educational setting that most clearly resembles a regular school program and also meets the child's special education needs.

Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom.

Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer

thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity

problem solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life

Binet's measure of an individual's level of mental development, compared with that of others.

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100).

Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

a term used to describe children with IQ scores above 130 or children with outstanding talent for performing at much higher levels than others of the same age and background

a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. Perspective taking

The global evaluative dimension of the self. Self esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self -image

Domain - specific evaluation of the self

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males

children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely dislikes by their peers

children who receive and average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

children who are frequently nominated both as someones best friend and as being disliked

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics