Chemical compound that are ingested to alter mind or behaviour

depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

hidden disorderoverlaps with other conditions underreported due to stigma

physical deformities growth deficitsseizures

mental health issues disrupted school experienceInvolved with the law

found an assocation between age of onset and the duration of AUD

postively corelated with hippocampal volume

negatively corelated with hippocampal volume

some facial features and cognitive deficieted

most serve

central nervous system

Deficits in executive functioning were observed in children (ages 8 - 15) heavily exposed to prenatal alcohol exposure (Mattson et al., 1999)Planningcognitive flexibility response inhibition Concept formation/reasoning

it does have some genetic componets

true

false

false both are harmful

false more people died from alcohol

stresspartyingbody imagecoping

mood changemissing school weight loss

drug awarness workshop for new commers

4

THE EFFECTS ON THE MIND AND BODY

RISKS RELATED TO SUBSTANCE USE

THE PROCESS OF DEPENDENCE

REALTIONSHIP AND SUBSTANCE USE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

SMOKING

66

42

DOUBLED

90

natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms

ecstasy

the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages

LSD

THC

6 stages Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

stage of change in which people are unwilling to change their behavior

stage of change in which people are considering changing behavior in the next 6 months

stage of change in which people are getting ready to make a change within the coming month

Stage of change in which people are actively changing a negative behavior or adopting a new, healthy behavior

sustained change over time; begins 6 months after action has started and continues indefinitely

the relationship fades away or is unexpectedly terminated by one partner

A falling back into old illness or bad habit

reducing the potential negative consequences of behavior, such as safety surfaces replacing cement at a playground

Use of multiple mind- and behavior-altering substances, such as drugs.

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

a condition in which the user has a chemical need for a drug

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

the state in which the body is poisoned by alcohol or another substance and the person's physical and mental control is significantly reduced

ingestion, smoking, sniffing, or injection of mind-altering substance

Biological ,psychological , sociological

focuses on the genetic predispostion that predict behaviour

seeks to understand the mind of an individual to understand human behaviour

concrened with how people relate to one another and behave in groups

sensitive , enzyme systems

fully developed at 25

amygdala

is not fully developed in youth

the beliefs that an individual holds about the outcome of behaviour

individuals assumptions about what significant others believe

one's beliefs in their ability to refrain from a particular behaviour in tempting situations

a event that either encourages or discourage a behaviour

After learning, her son has been smoking, Jack's mother takes away his allowance

After finding out, her daughter has been stealing her cigarettes, Melody add a few more task to her daughter's list of chores,

When Sammy drinks alcohol, this makes her feel more occupied, and even more social. She persistently use alcohol to invoke these feelings at parties

John constantly fears that his peers are judging how he looks and speaks. In order to get through class presentation, John, usually smoke cannabis to help reduce his anxiety.

inhale and exhale the vapor produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device.

no stain teeth or skineasily hidden sleek apperance

heart attack diacetyl can cause lung inflamation

17 yr from neveada vape expoled leaving hole in jaw

regulates what is sold in canada ( manfature , labelling , promation and sales

no vapes looking appealing to youth

no lifestyle vape ads

no promote vaping through endorsement

no vapes sold in falvours under column 2 schedule 3

the legal age to vape in ontario

2022

change the smoking age to 21

smoking decreased from 50% in 2006-2010

only allowing to buy mint, menthol or tabacco

chemical compounds present in cannabis

cannabidiol

Regulates the control, production, distribution, sale, and possession of cannabis in CanadaAllows Canadians 18 years or older to possess/purchase cannabis

Must be 19 or older to possess/purchase cannabis

Youth Criminal Justice Act:Reserves punitive penaltiesExtrajudicial - measures other than judicial proceedings (i.e., youth court)Acknowledging harm vs. liberty

(ECS) produces own cannabinoids

E.g., memory, learning, appetite, mood, pleasure

disrupts various mental functions

Hypothalamus: appetiteHippocampus: memory & learningAmygdala: emotionCerebellum, affecting balance; and the basal ganglia (reaction time)Brain's reward system (dopamine/high)

IQ slightly increased among those who never used cannabisIQ declined among persistent, heavy cannabis users who started using during adolescenceRuled out other substances (excluded those with alcohol dependence, tobacco dependence, hard-drug dependence)

Stopping marijuana in adulthood did not fully restore cognitive functioning among former persistent cannabis users with adolescent-onset

July 21, 2019tested positive for cocaine, oxycodone, meth while pregnantGave birth to twins who died 2 days laterDrugs in their system

Influence from important othersPositive effects on the mind and bodyavailability and acceptability

fear of consequencesnegative effects on the mind and bodystigmatizing people who use cannabis

Brain activityIntoxication

Pain, nausea, seizuresReduces THC effects

Increase an individual's chances of engaging in substance use and/or developing a Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

Decrease an individual's chances of engaging in substance use and/or developing a SUD

Characteristics of an individual that influence behaviour (Knowledge, attitudes, gender, age, genetics)

Close relationships that may influence behaviour (Family, friends, partners)

Social relationships among organizations and institutions (Schools, workplaces, neighbourhoods)

broad societal factors that encourage or inhibit substance use( Policies that create social inequalities (e.g., health, housing, economic policies), media, stigma)

"negative attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours that devalue another person" (PHAC, 2018)

Study by Corrigan et al. (2009) - participants reported less willingness to help people with a SUD find a job than people with a mental illness or a physical disability (Corrigan et al., 2009)

Acts are not inherently deviant until some social groups successfully define them as such Public labelling of deviance and stigmatization may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy

initial act of deviance (before being publicly labelled)

acts of deviance that are caused due to a negative label

A young person smokes cannabis on school property for the first timeNot caught yet (no labeling has occurred)

Adolescent is caught smoking cannabis 🡪 punished publicly🡪 given a label of a 'troublemaker' 🡪 self-fulfilling prophecy

12 - 19 youth from OntarioExamined whether stigmatizing attitudes toward drug addiction depended on:Agepeer influencepersonal use

Over half would 'definitely' or 'probably' feel ashamed if friends knew a family member was addicted to drugsOne-third were afraid to talk to or make friends with someone who was addicted to drugs1/5 would be upset to be in a class with someone addicted to drugsCompared to non-users, adolescents who have used illicit drugs indicate significantly less stigmatizing attitudes toward drug addiction

YesHighest level of drug stigma reported among those who said:None of their friends used marijuana

Daily readingParental timeRecreational activities

Coping - emotional distressSurvival - appetite suppressantAlert - protect themselves/belongings

the extent to which students perceive that they are accepted, respected, included, and supported by others at school

Information dissemination programs which teach primarily about drugs and their effectsFear arousal programs that emphasize risks associated with drug use

highly interactive (Griffin & Botvin, 2010)Lecture-approaches are less effective

, Jogging & stethoscope

awareness and supervision of a child

love, affection, acceptance, and open communication

High monitoring & High warmthWarm, nurturingListen to their childrenAllow autonomy and encourage independenceSet clear boundariesHold children accountable (lovingly)

Low monitoring & high warmthResponsive to their children's emotional needsRarely say no to their childrenOverly laxDon't monitor or guide their children's behaviorFew rules/inconsistentFreedom > responsibility (e.g., friends vs. chores)

High monitoring and low warmthHigh expectations but cold if unmetNot in tune with their child's emotional needsArbitrary rulesControlling

Low monitoring & low warmthNo clear boundariesUninvolvedCold/unresponsiveParents may be struggling with SUD, trauma, mental health issues

authoritative style

neglectful

authoritarian and permissive

No single geneMultiple genes interact with one another and their environmentPotential to inherit substance use disorder varies among substances(e.g., opioid addiction 🡪 families)

Concordance - presence of the same trait in twinsConcordance rate: the percentage of twins in a sample that both have the same traitE.g., Of 100 pairs of twins, 30 pairs report that both they and their twin have depressionConcordance rate: 30%

Researchers compare concordance rates of substance use disorders between:Identical/monozygotic twins (genes 100% same); andDizygotic/non-identical twins (genes 50% same)If disease is inherited, identical twins would have a higher concordance rate

3-5 fold increased likelihood of developing an AUD (Cotton, 1979)

Kendler et al. (1997) found concordance rate for alcoholism was significantly higher among monozygotic than dizygotic twinsAdoption studies may be more useful

Drug stimga decrease

Curvilinear relationships lower in early adolescence then increasing in late adolescence

Curvilinear relationship

The biopsychosocial model best explains drug use among youth.

Guilty of second-degree murderAdult sentence of life (No parole for seven years)

Impact of FASD on executive functioning will vary from individual to individual and will vary for the same person from situation to situation

Violation of constitutional rights (reproductive rights)Deters women from seeking prenatal care/addictions treatmentracial profilingdoesn't address systemic and social causes of substance useViolence, sexual abuse, povertycourt could extend its power to exert control in all women of childbearing age

• Stages of Change • Harm Reduction • Substance Use Continuum • How drugs are named • Decisional Balancing (pros & cons) • Exploring goals and values • Demonstration Activities

they gain a greater sense of awareness on the negative health effects of using substances

authoritative parenting

Do not learn from previous experiences

Restless

Impaired short and long-term memory

Speech difficulties

Social cues

Difficulty understanding legal termsConfused by abstract concepts used by lawyers

Distracted by others entering and leaving courtroomUnable to focus on questions being asked

Difficulty re-collecting eventsUnknowingly adding false statements when trying to remember events

Unable to articulate thoughts effectively

Going along with whatever argument the Crown, police, or lawyer is saying in order to please them