city with capital letter

Buenos Aires is the capital of Argentina in South America. It’s a big and busy city with a population of almost 3 million people. And this is the world-famous Buenos Aires obelisk in the centre of the city. Just a few kilometres away from the obelisk is the home of the Menna family. Maria is fourteen years old and she’s in secondary school. She’s in the living room with her sister Sofia because they both really like computer games. They like board games too! Sofia is only nine and she’s at primary school but she’s really good at games! Sofia and Maria’s Mum is called Elena and their Dad is Alvaro. This is their house. There’s a dining room and kitchen and two bedrooms upstairs. This is Maria and Sofia’s bedroom! The family all live together in the centre of Buenos Aires. But their mum, Elena, isn’t from the city. Her parents - Sofia and Maria’s grandfather and grandmother - have got a house an hour away. It’s in a small city called Mercedes, about 100km west of Buenos Aires. It’s a big house with a dining room and a sitting room. It’s in the countryside and it’s got a beautiful garden. It’s nice and quiet here and it’s a great place to sit, eat and spend time as a family!

Where Is It? Russia is a very big country. It is the largest country in the world almost twice as big as the United States. Russia is part of both Europe and Asia. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is a big city in the European part of the country. More than twelve million people live there. The Russian president lives in a famous group of buildings in Moscow. People. Most people in Russia live and work in cities. The main language is Russian. In the country, jobs have to do with the land and the sea. For example, many people fish, mine oil and coal, and cut trees for wood. Sports such as soccer and ice hockey are popular in Russia. Russia is famous for music and a kind of dance show called ballet. Swan Lake is a famous Russian ballet. Land. The land in Russia is mainly low flatlands, high flatlands, and mountains. The deepest lake in the world, Lake Baikal, is in Russia. Russia has frozen flatlands in the north and wide grassy lands in the south. In between are huge forests. Russia is a cold country, and it is home to the coldest village in the world. But many places in Russia also have beautiful summers. History. In the past, czars, or emperors, ruled Russia. During that time, the peasants in Russia were unhappy. They didn't like the way the czars ruled the people. They fought in 1917 to change their country's ways. After the fight, Russia took control of a group of other nearby countries. Together they formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The USSR had many problems, so it broke up in 1991. Today, Russia has a president. Celebrations. Many people celebrate Christmas and Easter in Russia. On Easter, they eat cakes and paint hard-boiled eggs. Russian Easter egg Russians also have a holiday to celebrate the end of winter. For this holiday, people eat pancakes with butter. They also have fun with sleigh rides and snowball fights. Food. A popular soup in Russia is famous around the world. People make the soup from beets and other vegetables. Beets are red, so the soup also has a red color. Many Russians like a homemade drink. The drink has a sour flavor. Conclusion Russia is home to both crowded cities and wild forests. Russia has a long, rich history and many interesting things to do. The Russian people value the traditions of their beautiful homeland.

France Where Is It? France is a country in Europe. Other countries are to the east. To the south is Spain. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and to the west. The United Kingdom is to the north. It is across a part of the Atlantic Ocean called the English Channel. Paris is the capital city of France. It is a very famous city. Millions of tourists visit Paris every year. More than ten million people live there. People. More than sixty-six million people live in France. Most people live and work in cities. Some have jobs helping tourists who visit France. Some people live in the countryside and grow food on farms. More than half of the land in France is used for farming. Most people in France speak French. Land. France has many different kinds of land. It has hills, forests, rivers, lakes, and beaches. Most of France is covered with low plains and hills. France also has five mountain ranges. They sit between France and other countries. The highest mountains are in the Alps. History. Long ago, France was called Gaul. Other countries took over Gaul many times. The Romans took it over first, and then the Franks took it from the Romans. France got its name from the Franks. For a long time, France was ruled by powerful kings. Then the French people fought against one king. This was called the French Revolution (1789–1799). Today, France is a democracy. Celebrations People in France celebrate the beginning of the revolution on July 14. They celebrate with fireworks and parades. Food. France is known for its food. One type of food is a long, thin loaf of bread. Many meals have more than one part. A meal may have soup, salad, a main course, and fruit for dessert. Conclusion France is a beautiful country with a long history. It has rolling hills, forests, and mountains. Its food is known around the world. What do you like most about France?

Canada Where Is It? Canada is the biggest country in North America. It is so big that it reaches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Canada is farther north than most other countries. Canada has only one neighbor, the United States. Ottawa is the country's capital. The city's buildings are fun to visit. People. Nearly all Canadians speak French, English, or both. People come from far-away countries to live in Canada. Together, all of these different people make Canada strong. Most Canadians live in big cities in the south of Canada. Few people live in the far north. Land. Canada has many different landforms. In the west are rows of steep mountains. Then there are flat or rolling plains. A high flat area with thousands of lakes is in the middle. The land in the south is where most of the cities are. In the east are hills. In the north, the land is covered with ice and snow. Animals. Some animals live only in the cold north. Others live only in the mountains or forests. Polar bears and baby harp seals live in the north. They both have white fur to hide on the snow. Big sheep live in the mountains. They have feet that help them climb rocks. Many animals in Canada move in winter and spring. Canada geese fly south every winter. They return in the spring when it is warmer. Celebrations. All across Canada, people celebrate winter. There are festivals for ice-skating and ice carving. There are dogsled races across the snow. The biggest winter festival is in Quebec City. There is an ice castle to visit and games to play. Conclusion. Canada is a very big country with many different landforms and animals. It has many different people, too. Canadians say their differences make them strong.

Hello Chuxing, one of China’s top bike-sharing platforms backed by ecommerce giant Alibaba Group Holding, has applied to go public on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Launched in 2016, Hello Chuxing gained traction quickly as the first bikesharing operator to focus its business within China’s smaller cities and towns. It managed to survive China’s bike-sharing bubble between 2017 and 2018 when Ofo went into bankruptcy and Mobike was acquired by Meituan. The “survivor” had more than 10 million bicycles operating in over 400 Chinese cities as of December 2020. Hello Chuxing is developing its new business aggressively. In 2019, it took on sector leader Didi Chuxing with a new business Hello Dache that provides car-sharing and carpooling services. It has also been following industry giant Meituan into the life services field with new “intra-city logistics” and “bulk buying” services. The service, Hello Dache, features instant communication that enables passengers to keep in touch with drivers online once ride requests have been accepted. It also features a one-click button to call the police as part of efforts to boost safety. It is now looking into travel, with the aim of being a travel-based platform that provides daily life services, a person familiar with the matter said. “The market was too lavish when capital players and consumers were optimistic about the sector,” founder Yang Lei said back in 2019. “Firms would burn through cash subsidies to keep up with rivals and maintain a rapid pace of expansion. Hello Chuxing, however, has been careful to watch every penny and use money wisely while planning for the future,” he said.

Honduras is a Central American nation bordered by Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. The Caribbean Sea forms its northern coastline. The Pacific Ocean borders a small southern strip of land. Almanaque Nombre oficial: República de Honduras Área total: 112.090 km2 Población: 9.038.741 Ciudad capital: Tegucigalpa Moneda: lempira Lenguas: español, dialectos amerindios Early History Explorer Christopher Columbus came to Honduras in 1502 on his fourth trip to the New World. As was the case in North America, Honduras, in Central America, had been home to many native indigenous groups including the Sumu and Lenca. Some estimates suggest an indigenous population of up to 2,000,000 before the Europeans arrived. Among these indigenous groups were the Maya. Their civilization spread from the Yucatán area of Mexico to Honduras’ ancient city of Copán. Spain’s conquest of Honduras began in 1525, but it was not easy. It took until 1539 to fully conquer it. There were conflicts with the native population, who were forced into labor. Many died from disease and abuse. Others were enslaved and sent to the Caribbean islands. In addition, there were pirate attacks and in-fighting among the Spaniards. Phawat/Shutterstock Gold and silver deposits were discovered in Honduras in the 1530s, attracting more settlers. By the mid-16th century, mining was an important industry, mainly in the towns of Gracias and Comayagua. More native labor was needed, taking its toll on the dwindling indigenous population. As a solution, enslaved Africans were introduced in the 1540s. This was well before 1619, when enslaved Africans first arrived in Jamestown in the American colonies. The 17th century was filled with conflicts, primarily between the Spanish and the British. Britain wanted to establish colonies on the Caribbean coast of Honduras. They eventually seized the coast with help from the native Sambo and Miskito peoples. However, Spain later regained control. Independence In the early 1800s in Honduras, resentment toward Spain grew. One reason was that Honduras was subject to more taxes to help pay for conflicts that were happening between Spain and France. Other Spanish colonies were also increasingly resentful toward Spain. In 1776 in North America, the 13 colonies banded together to declare their independence from Britain. Similarly, Honduras joined other Central American provinces. Together, they declared independence from Spain on September 15, 1821. Honduras briefly became a part of Mexico, but in 1823, it became independent from Mexico. It then joined the United Provinces of Central America. This included other former Spanish colonies: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. But the federation did not last, partially due to divisions in political beliefs. In 1838, Honduras declared its independence from the federation. By the early 1900s, the United States had economic interests in Honduras. American fruit corporations like the Standard Fruit Company and United Fruit Company began investing in Honduras to export bananas. To protect American investments, the United States became more involved in Honduras’ political affairs. When Nicaragua appeared to threaten the stability in Honduras, US President Taft sent forces to Honduras to protect American interests. The Great Depression caused economic havoc in the United States and elsewhere. In Honduras, this meant economic problems and political turmoil. During this time, General Tiburcio Carías Andino was elected president, in 1932. He worked to strengthen the military and pay off Honduran debt. Yet he also worked to gather and maintain his own power. He changed the constitution so that he could extend his term in office as president until 1949. His advanced age and pressure from the United States forced him to allow free elections in 1948. General Francisco Morazán In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America. In 1830, Tegucigalpa-born General José Francisco Morazán was elected president of the federation. He remained president until just before the federation disbanded in 1840. aalezk/Shutterstock Morazán favored liberal policies and the reduced power of the church. Morazán was a self-educated man. He recognized the importance of education and the need for schools in Honduras. He believed that girls and boys should have an equal opportunity for education. During his presidency, he tried to make improvements in education. He opened schools that were free to attend. In addition to improving education, he established a system of trial by jury. It was based on the Livingston Code, created in Louisiana. This was a set of reforms to the system of legal punishment. Today, Honduras celebrates the Day of the Honduran Soldier on October 3, Morazán’s birthday. This holiday honors Morazán for his fight for democracy, liberalism, and the nation. Modern Honduras The last half of the 20th century was a political rollercoaster. There were various coups (government takeovers), conflicts, and changing leaders. Starting in 1963, Honduras was primarily led by military governments. This continued for almost 20 years. In 1969, Honduras fought a four-day war with El Salvador. The conflict was over immigration and the shared border. Though the war was brief, the two nations didn’t sign a peace treaty until 1980. With the election of president Roberto Suazo Córdova in 1981, Honduras returned to a civilian government. In the 1980s Honduras was tangled in conflicts of Nicaragua and El Salvador, partly because of the United States. Nicaraguan Contras, who wanted to overthrow the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, were using US-approved bases in Honduras. The United States was also running training camps in Honduras for Salvadoran forces facing their own civil war. This sparked anti-American protests and a desire to reduce the US presence in Honduras. Over the next few decades, Honduras continued to experience political instability. In 2009, President Manuel Zelaya was removed from power by a military coup. People were upset because he called for a referendum to change the constitution. The international community condemned this coup. As a result, Honduras cut diplomatic ties with several countries. In 2010, the United States recognized President Porfirio Lobo Sosa as a democratically elected leader. He was followed by Juan Orlando Hernández in 2014. However, protests in 2015 called for his resignation over claims of campaign fraud. In 2017, Orlando Hernández was re-elected in a disputed election.

Question 1 Category: Current Events Question: What was the primary demand of the Kenyan Gen Z protesters featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Free education B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 C) Climate change action D) New elections Correct Answer: B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 Explanation: The BBC documentary highlights that Kenyan youth protested to demand the repeal of the Finance Bill 2024, which proposed tax hikes raising $2.7 billion. Question 2 Category: Science Question: Which gas, discovered on the sun before Earth, is the second most abundant element in the universe? Options: A) Hydrogen B) Oxygen C) Helium D) Nitrogen Correct Answer: C) Helium Explanation: Helium was first detected in the sun’s spectrum in 1868 and is the second most abundant element after hydrogen in the universe. Question 3 Category: Current Events Question: Which Kenyan city was the epicenter of the Gen Z protests covered in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Mombasa B) Nairobi C) Kisumu D) Eldoret Correct Answer: B) Nairobi Explanation: Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, was the main hub for the #OccupyParliament protests, with significant events like the Parliament breach occurring there, as shown in the documentary. Question 4 Category: History Question: Which empire, known for its vast trade networks, was centered in modern-day Turkey and lasted until the early 20th century? Options: A) Roman Empire B) Ottoman Empire C) Mongol Empire D) Byzantine Empire Correct Answer: B) Ottoman Empire Explanation: The Ottoman Empire, spanning over 600 years until 1922, was a major trade and cultural power centered in modern-day Turkey. Question 5 Category: Current Events Question: According to the BBC documentary, what technology helped document evidence of police brutality during the Kenyan Gen Z protests? Options: A) Drones B) Smartphone videos C) Facial recognition software D) Satellite tracking Correct Answer: B) Smartphone videos Explanation: The documentary used smartphone videos from protesters and bystanders, analyzed via open-source data, to document police brutality during the 2024 protests. Question 6 Category: Geography Question: What is the smallest country in the world by land area? Options: A) Monaco B) Vatican City C) San Marino D) Liechtenstein Correct Answer: B) Vatican City Explanation: Vatican City, with an area of about 44 hectares, is the smallest sovereign state in the world by land area. Question 7 Category: Current Events Question: What hashtag became synonymous with the Kenyan Gen Z protests, as featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) #KenyaRising B) #OccupyParliament C) #TaxRevolt D) #GenZFight Correct Answer: B) #OccupyParliament Explanation: The #OccupyParliament hashtag was widely used by protesters to rally against the Finance Bill 2024, as documented by the BBC. Question 8 Category: Entertainment Question: Which actor starred as the lead in the 2023 film Barbie and also played a role in La La Land? Options: A) Emma Stone B) Margot Robbie C) Zendaya D) Saoirse Ronan Correct Answer: B) Margot Robbie Explanation: Margot Robbie starred as Barbie in the 2023 film and played a supporting role in La La Land (2016). Question 9 Category: Sports Question: Which sport is played at the Wimbledon Championships? Options: A) Cricket B) Rugby C) Tennis D) Golf Correct Answer: C) Tennis Explanation: Wimbledon, held annually in London, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. Question 10 Category: Technology Question: In web development, what does the acronym “CSS” stand for? Options: A) Computer Style System B) Cascading Style Sheets C) Creative Script Syntax D) Centralized Style Standard Correct Answer: B) Cascading Style Sheets Explanation: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and format the appearance of web pages written in HTML.

Japan Where Is It? Japan is made up of a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is just off the east coast of Asia. Japan has four main islands and thousands of smaller islands. The entire country is smaller than the state of California. Tokyo (TOH-kee-yoh) is the capital city of Japan. It is on the largest island, called Honshu (HON-shoo). Tokyo has many tall skyscrapers. More than thirty-two million people live there. People. More than 127 million people live in Japan. The country's main language is Japanese. More people live in cities and towns than in the country. City life in Japan is very busy. Most cities have little space, and people are crowded together. Most people in Japan eat rice. Japan grows much of the rice it uses. The Japanese also catch many fish and sell them across the world. Land. Most of Japan is covered with mountains. The country has more than seventy volcanoes. The most famous one is Mount Fuji (FOO-jee). It has not erupted in many years. Earthquakes are also common. The land near the coast is the only flat land in Japan. Japan's biggest cities are on the coasts. The country has many rivers and lakes. History. Japan is thousands of years old. Ancient Japanese and Chinese people traded things and ideas. Some experts think that Japan learned to grow rice from China. Japanese writing even borrows from Chinese writing. In the past, Japan was an empire. It was ruled by emperors. Later, powerful military leaders called shoguns (SHOH-guns) took control away from the emperors. Samurai (SA-muh-rye) warriors also had power. The samurai were known as brave and skilled fighters. Celebrations. The Japanese New Year is an important holiday in Japan. It starts a week before the first day of January. People send cards for the New Year's holiday. They also clean their homes, and children often get gifts. Food. Rice is an important food in Japan. It is eaten at most meals. Noodles are also served with some meals. Another important food is fish. Japanese people sometimes eat raw fish called sushi (SOO-shee). Conclusion. Japan is a small island country, yet it has many people. It has tall mountains and volcanoes. It also has crowded cities with skyscrapers. Japan is a mix of many things-old and new, large and small.

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